THIS PAPER ADDRESSES THE QUESTION, who were the people who were buried at the early medievalNorth Sea emporia? Conclusions about the mercantile character of the North Sea emporia are often based on... Show moreTHIS PAPER ADDRESSES THE QUESTION, who were the people who were buried at the early medievalNorth Sea emporia? Conclusions about the mercantile character of the North Sea emporia are often based on portablematerial culture. In recognition of the fact that it is difficult to draw conclusions about the identities of people basedon finds assemblages, two pilot projects have been completed that involved bioarchaeological analyses of cemetery pop-ulations associated with these sites. The first of these, the Investigating the Dead in Early Medieval Domburg project,undertook multi-disciplinary analyses of the (very small) surviving burial population from the mostly destroyed sitesin the Domburg area (Netherlands), combining isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating, biological anthropology, dendro-chronology, and provenancing and study of previous use of coffin wood. The second, the Medieval Migrants of theNorth Sea World project, inventoried available isotopic evidence for human remains from emporia sites in England,the Netherlands and Scandinavia, alongside contextual archaeological information. This paper presents both projects,providing the detailed information from Domburg in its wider, international context, and highlighting the need for acomprehensive research agenda to fill current gaps in our understanding of early medieval emporia populations. Show less
The wholesale and retail market for Asian goods in Europe is still largely unexplored. Historians’ growing interest in consumption patterns is now revealing the importance of Asian products in the... Show moreThe wholesale and retail market for Asian goods in Europe is still largely unexplored. Historians’ growing interest in consumption patterns is now revealing the importance of Asian products in the nascent European consumer market. Earlier studies have already found that the Dutch East India Company moved from shipping only luxury commodities to supplying Europe with products (coffee, tea and sugar) intended for an increasingly broad range of consumers. By compiling and analyzing a database of purchases at the auctions of the VOC in Zeeland in the eighteenth century this article investigates a crucial link between trade with Asia and consumption in Europe. It also reveals that the company catered to the burgeoning slave trade of Zeeland. We find that the auctions were dominated by a small group of wholesalers who potentially had the power to dictate the commercial policy of the company in Asia. Show less
The island of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland was the largest Dutch slaving center in the eighteenth century. While the profitability of the slave trade itself was limited, it had important... Show moreThe island of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland was the largest Dutch slaving center in the eighteenth century. While the profitability of the slave trade itself was limited, it had important local economic effects. A clue comes from the excellently preserved archive of the largest slave trader: the Middelburgse Commercie Compagnie (MCC). Combining the figures in the MCC archive with some experimental calculations, it is estimated that around 1770 about a tenth of the income earned by inhabitants of Middelburg was connected to the trade in enslaved Africans. For the more specialized and smaller city of Flushing, this figure was likely closer to a third of all income. Show less
Op 3 juni 1621 verleenden de Staten-Generaal het octrooi aan de West-Indische Compagnie waarmee zij het alleenrecht verwierf op de scheepvaart en handel in het Atlantisch gebied. Dit... Show moreOp 3 juni 1621 verleenden de Staten-Generaal het octrooi aan de West-Indische Compagnie waarmee zij het alleenrecht verwierf op de scheepvaart en handel in het Atlantisch gebied. Dit handelsmonopolie werd periodiek verlengd en zou betreft de handel op West-Afrika tot 1730 onveranderd van kracht blijven. Overtreding van het octrooi werd zwaar bestraft, maar desondanks werd dit handelsrecht stelselmatig door schepen uit de Republiek geschonden. Vooral na de heroprichting van de WIC in 1674 hebben Zeeuwse smokkelschepen dit handelsmonopolie op grote schaal ontdoken. Deze lorrendraaiers, zoals ze destijds werden genoemd, zeilden met snelle en wendbare schepen naar de West-Afrikaanse kust waar zij Europese koopwaren tegen Afrikaanse producten en slaven verhandelden. Voor de bestrijding van deze illegale goederen- en slavenhandel rustte de WIC kruisers uit die op de West-Afrikaanse kust patrouilleerden. Gedurende de laatste octrooiperiode (1700-1730) wisten compagnieschepen ruim vijftig lorrendraaiers op te brengen. Dat ging niet altijd zonder slag of stoot en bij deze schermutselingen vonden vele tientallen zeelieden de dood. In dit boek wordt de illegale goederen- en slavenhandel tijdens de laatste octrooiperiode van de WIC behandeld. Uit de onderzoeksresultaten blijkt dat de omvang daarvan veel omvangrijker is geweest dat tot nu toe werd aangenomen. Show less
