IntroductionThe International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) developed a standard set of patient-centered outcome measures for use in stroke patients. In addition to the Patient... Show moreIntroductionThe International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) developed a standard set of patient-centered outcome measures for use in stroke patients. In addition to the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health, it is comprised of 25 questions that are not part of a specific questionnaire. This study aimed to translate these 25 single questions into Dutch.MethodsTwo native Dutch-speaking translators independently translated the original ICHOM questions into Dutch. A consensus translation was made by these translators and a third person. This translation was subsequently translated back to English independently by two native English-speaking translators. Afterwards a pre-final version was made by consensus of a committee. After field-testing among 30 stroke patients, a final version was made.ResultsThe forward and backward translations led to eight cross-cultural adaptations. Based on the interviews with stroke patients, 12 questions were changed to enhance comprehensibility leading to a final Dutch translation of the 25 single questions.ConclusionsA Dutch translation of the 25 single questions of the ICHOM Standard Set for Stroke was developed. Now a complete ICHOM Standard Set for Stroke can be used in Dutch populations allowing comparison and improvement of stroke care. Show less
Poot, C.C.; Meijer, E.; Fokkema, M.; Chavannes, N.H.; Osborne, R.H.; Kayser, L. 2023
Background: The digitalization of healthcare requires users to have sufficient competence in using digital health technologies. In the Netherlands, as well as in other countries, there is a need... Show moreBackground: The digitalization of healthcare requires users to have sufficient competence in using digital health technologies. In the Netherlands, as well as in other countries, there is a need for a comprehensive, person-centered assessment of eHealth literacy to understand and address eHealth literacy related needs, to improve equitable uptake and use of digital health technologies. Objective: We aimed to translate and culturally adapt the original eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) to Dutch and to collect initial validity evidence. Methods: The eHLQ was translated using a systematic approach with forward translation, an item intent matrix, back translation, and consensus meetings with the developer. A validity-driven and multi-study approach was used to collect validity evidence on 1) test content, 2) response processes and 3) internal structure. Cognitive interviews (n = 14) were held to assess test content and response processes (Study 1). A pre-final eHLQ version was completed by 1650 people participating in an eHealth study (Study 2). A seven-factor Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model was fitted to the data to assess the internal structure of the eHLQ. Invariance testing was performed across gender, age, education and current diagnosis. Results: Cognitive interviews showed some problems in wording, phrasing and resonance with individual's world views. CFA demonstrated an equivalent internal structure to the hypothesized (original) eHLQ with acceptable fit indices. All items loaded substantially on their corresponding latent factors (range 0.51-0.81). The model was partially metric invariant across all subgroups. Comparison of scores between groups showed that people who were younger, higher educated and who had a current diagnosis generally scored higher across domains, however effect sizes were small. Data from both studies were triangulated, resulting in minor refinements to eight items and recommendations on use, score interpretation and reporting. Conclusion: The Dutch version of the eHLQ showed strong properties for assessing eHealth literacy in the Dutch context. While ongoing collection of validity evidence is recommended, the evidence presented indicate that the eHLQ can be used by researchers, eHealth developers and policy makers to identify eHealth literacy needs and inform the development of eHealth interventions to ensure that people with limited digital access and skills are not left behind. Show less
Poot, C.C.; Meijer, E.; Fokkema, M.; Chavannes, N.H.; Osborne, R.H.; Kayser, L. 2023
BackgroundThe digitalization of healthcare requires users to have sufficient competence in using digital health technologies. In the Netherlands, as well as in other countries, there is a need for... Show moreBackgroundThe digitalization of healthcare requires users to have sufficient competence in using digital health technologies. In the Netherlands, as well as in other countries, there is a need for a comprehensive, person-centered assessment of eHealth literacy to understand and address eHealth literacy related needs, to improve equitable uptake and use of digital health technologies.ObjectiveWe aimed to translate and culturally adapt the original eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) to Dutch and to collect initial validity evidence.MethodsThe eHLQ was translated using a systematic approach with forward translation, an item intent matrix, back translation, and consensus meetings with the developer. A validity-driven and multi-study approach was used to collect validity evidence on 1) test content, 2) response processes and 3) internal structure. Cognitive interviews (n = 14) were held to assess test content and response processes (Study 1). A pre-final eHLQ version was completed by 1650 people participating in an eHealth study (Study 2). A seven-factor Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model was fitted to the data to assess the internal structure of the eHLQ. Invariance testing was performed across gender, age, education and current diagnosis.ResultsCognitive interviews showed some problems in wording, phrasing and resonance with individual’s world views. CFA demonstrated an equivalent internal structure to the hypothesized (original) eHLQ with acceptable fit indices. All items loaded substantially on their corresponding latent factors (range 0.51–0.81). The model was partially metric invariant across all subgroups. Comparison of scores between groups showed that people who were younger, higher educated and who had a current diagnosis generally scored higher across domains, however effect sizes were small. Data from both studies were triangulated, resulting in minor refinements to eight items and recommendations on use, score interpretation and reporting.ConclusionThe Dutch version of the eHLQ showed strong properties for assessing eHealth literacy in the Dutch context. While ongoing collection of validity evidence is recommended, the evidence presented indicate that the eHLQ can be used by researchers, eHealth developers and policy makers to identify eHealth literacy needs and inform the development of eHealth interventions to ensure that people with limited digital access and skills are not left behind. Show less
Background: Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this... Show moreBackground: Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this regard, the Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) questionnaire was developed to measure how patients with RMDs cope with stressors such as pain, limitations or dependency. The CORS is not currently available in Spanish, and therefore the adaptation of this instrument is needed.Objective: First, to cross-culturally adapt the CORS into Spanish for Spain. Secondly, to test the conceptual equivalence of the translated version in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Methods: A translation of the CORS into Spanish was performed adhering to the forward-backward procedure described by Beaton. Two translators produced independent forward translations of the item content, response options, and instructions of the CORS into Spanish. Both versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back-translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee including all the translators, one methodologist and a rheumatologist, held a meeting and reached consensus on discrepancies to develop a final draft version of the Spanish CORS. Then, a field test with cognitive debriefing was conducted, involving a sample of 10 patients with axSpA. Results: The translation process of the CORS was completed after the discussion of some discrepancies throughout the process. The first translation was done without major complications. Back-translation presented some discrepancies. These led to minor modifications in the wording in one response option and 15 questionnaire items. The scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing, led to minor modifications; for example, three respondents indicated that one of the statements in the instructions was syntactically complex ("indique cuan a menudo usted ha llevado a cabo dicho comportamiento") which led to its adjustment. The process indicated that the final CORS Spanish questionnaire was clear and understandable to all patients.Conclusions: The Spanish version of the CORS showed good cross-cultural validity and good face validity according to the field test. Before the Spanish CORS is implemented, further validation is in progress to test the psychometric properties of the instrument in patients with axSpA. Show less
BackgroundRheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this... Show moreBackgroundRheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) substantially impact the lives of patients, with complex associations between disease severity and self-perceived health status. In this regard, the Coping with Rheumatic Stressors (CORS) questionnaire was developed to measure how patients with RMDs cope with stressors such as pain, limitations or dependency. The CORS is not currently available in Spanish, and therefore the adaptation of this instrument is needed.ObjectiveFirst, to cross-culturally adapt the CORS into Spanish for Spain. Secondly, to test the conceptual equivalence of the translated version in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).MethodsA translation of the CORS into Spanish was performed adhering to the forward-backward procedure described by Beaton. Two translators produced independent forward translations of the item content, response options, and instructions of the CORS into Spanish. Both versions were harmonized in a consensual version. Another translator back-translated the synthesized version into Dutch. A scientific committee including all the translators, one methodologist and a rheumatologist, held a meeting and reached consensus on discrepancies to develop a final draft version of the Spanish CORS. Then, a field test with cognitive debriefing was conducted, involving a sample of 10 patients with axSpA.ResultsThe translation process of the CORS was completed after the discussion of some discrepancies throughout the process. The first translation was done without major complications. Back-translation presented some discrepancies. These led to minor modifications in the wording in one response option and 15 questionnaire items. The scientific committee agreed upon a final version of the questionnaire. Cognitive debriefing, led to minor modifications; for example, three respondents indicated that one of the statements in the instructions was syntactically complex (“indique cuán a menudo usted ha llevado a cabo dicho comportamiento”) which led to its adjustment. The process indicated that the final CORS Spanish questionnaire was clear and understandable to all patients.ConclusionsThe Spanish version of the CORS showed good cross-cultural validity and good face validity according to the field test. Before the Spanish CORS is implemented, further validation is in progress to test the psychometric properties of the instrument in patients with axSpA. Show less
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as LDS or Mormon Church, translates its originally English scriptures worldwide, also in Dutch for its 10,000 members in the Low... Show moreThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as LDS or Mormon Church, translates its originally English scriptures worldwide, also in Dutch for its 10,000 members in the Low Lands. The focus in this article is on the Book of Mormon, written in an English biblical style of the 1600s, first translated in Dutch in 1890 and followed by several revisions and a retranslation. This article sketches how LDS translation is conducted in a tight framework that is both religiously and institutionally defined. It explores how the developments that characterize new Dutch Bible translations also play out in the LDS Dutch context as the Church’s insistence on formal-equivalent translation rubs against modernizing pressures. Exemplary for these transitions in Dutch Bible versions is the choice of the pronoun of address: from gij which the Statenvertaling Bible (1637) deeply embedded, to the modern but still solemn u and next to the informal jij, je, jullie.The Dutch retranslation of the Book of Mormon struggled with these and similar issues, in particular because the wording and style should reflect, for coherence, the official LDS choice for an existing Dutch Bible. When a Bible choice changes, it affects the next revision of Het Boek van Mormon. Finally, translation is also and perhaps foremost the story of human actors — how each of them has room to maneuver in spite of the tight framework. As a result, diversity thrives where unity was intended. Show less
a successful book in Italy and then beyond the Alps. While the literary reception of Ariosto inFrance has already been widely studied since the work of Alexandre Ciorănescu and SijbrandKeyser, this... Show morea successful book in Italy and then beyond the Alps. While the literary reception of Ariosto inFrance has already been widely studied since the work of Alexandre Ciorănescu and SijbrandKeyser, this PhD dissertation consists of an analysis of the diffusion of this masterpiece throughthe prism of the loving passion. In the sixteenth century, during the first French reception, readers and authors felt passionately about amorous episodes, and more specifically ones about the madness of desperate lovers. French authors took several figures of unfortunate lovers from the abundance of characters in Orlando furioso. Besides, thanks to its plasticity, Ariosto’s text was able to inspire most literary genres. We study the evolution of this representation of passion in French translations and imitations, both through a diachronic analysis and an analysis by literary genre. While in the first translations the French transposition can sometimes influence the representation of passion, the love poetry adopted more aesthetical an approach of these episodes. We insist on the 1570s, as they demonstrate the presence of remake in the epic genre but also of many partial imitations. Thus, the representation of the sentiment amoureux will progressively be depicted with more diversity and complexity until the beginning of the seventeenth century when it evolved towards a more psychological approach. Show less
In this article, I discuss a piece of occassional poetry commemorating a treaty concluded between the city of Ghent and the episcopal court of Tournai in 1439. The short poem is found in a... Show moreIn this article, I discuss a piece of occassional poetry commemorating a treaty concluded between the city of Ghent and the episcopal court of Tournai in 1439. The short poem is found in a collection of official documents, now kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was first copied in Dutch after which a second user (probably a native speaker of Dutch) added a French translation. Show less
This chapter focuses on translation in the Low Countries from c. 500 CE to 1550 CE. While the focus is on literary translation from Latin and French into Dutch, there is also attention for... Show moreThis chapter focuses on translation in the Low Countries from c. 500 CE to 1550 CE. While the focus is on literary translation from Latin and French into Dutch, there is also attention for translation into French and Latin, devotional and religious texts, practical 'Artes' literature, and the translation of official documents. Show less
Defined as a way of pronunciation that is distinctive to a region, social class, or individual, accent is commonly perceived as a linguistic subject par excellence. This dissertation, however,... Show moreDefined as a way of pronunciation that is distinctive to a region, social class, or individual, accent is commonly perceived as a linguistic subject par excellence. This dissertation, however, approaches accent as a critical concept for analyzing and criticizing cultural phenomena where speech interacts with discourses of race, ethnicity, and literary creativity. It aims to 1) investigate the socio-political and cultural dynamics that take place when accented speech resounds publicly; 2) introduce the figure of the accent into literary studies to rethink the relation among language, body, and literature; and 3) compare the distinct ways in which linguistics and literature approach language and the speaking body.In her dissertation, Hui close-reads a series of literary texts (such as Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Pnin, Eva Hoffman’s memoir Lost in Translation: Life in a New Language, Alice Kaplan’s language memoir French Lessons), performances and installations (for example, Hetain Patel and Yuyu Rau’s stage performance Who am I? Think Again, Lawrence Abu Hamdan’s installation The Freedom of Speech Itself), which dramatize or reflect on the implications of speaking with an accent. Hui proposes that accent can be understood as a melodrama of the tongue which stages how a speaking body inhabits a language. While accent, with its distinctive melody and intonation, persistently draws one’s attention to a vocalizing mouth that swallows and drops, such an image gives rise to a melodramatic scene of speaking, which puts literature face to face with a primitive and regressive force of consumption and absorption. Show less
This dissertation describes for the first time in detail a manuscript held by the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, known as Izcatqui. This manuscript is written in Nahuatl or the Aztec... Show moreThis dissertation describes for the first time in detail a manuscript held by the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, known as Izcatqui. This manuscript is written in Nahuatl or the Aztec language, in the 18th century. This study has shown just how complex and multi-layered this book is. It contains Nahuatl translations of Spanish source texts from as early as the 15th century. These range from texts on the Gregorian calendar, liturgy, astrology, agriculture and medicine. Not only includes the manuscript a variety of sources, its content was also known in several manuscripts in other indigenous languages. This study showcases the interest and collaboration of people from local and non-local descent to translate and transfer knowledge from one cultural background to the other. Show less
BackgroundResearch in depression has progressed rapidly over the past four decades. Yet depression rates are not subsiding and treatment success is not improving. We examine the extent to which the... Show moreBackgroundResearch in depression has progressed rapidly over the past four decades. Yet depression rates are not subsiding and treatment success is not improving. We examine the extent to which the gap between science and practice is associated with the level of integration in how depression is considered in research and stakeholder-relevant documents.MethodsWe used a network-science perspective to analyze similar uses of depression relevant terms in the Google News corpus (approximately 1 billion words) and the Web of Science database (120 000 documents).ResultsThese analyses yielded consistent pictures of insular modules associated with: (1) patient/providers, (2) academics, and (3) industry. Within academia insular modules associated with psychology, general medical, and psychiatry/neuroscience/biology were also detected.ConclusionsThese analyses suggest that the domain of depression is fragmented, and that advancements of relevance to one stakeholder group (academics, industry, or patients) may not translate to the others. We consider potential causes and associated responses to this fragmentation that could help to unify and advance translation from research on depression to the clinic, largely involving harmonizing employed language, bridging conceptual domains, and increasing communication across stakeholder groups. Show less
Translation across species and from in vitro to in vivo is a central tenet in drug discovery pharmacology. Successful implementation requires proper assessment of both in vivo potency and efficacy.... Show moreTranslation across species and from in vitro to in vivo is a central tenet in drug discovery pharmacology. Successful implementation requires proper assessment of both in vivo potency and efficacy. This notwith- standing, in vivo data is typically defined mostly in terms of ligand-to-target binding affinity, similar to in vitrostudies. As in vivo potency and efficacy involve a combination not only of drug, but also partitioning, target, and drug-target-complex events and processes, ignoring some of the central differences between in vivo and in vitromay result in serious miscalculations of in vivo efficacious exposure for translational predictions.We compare potency measures derived from two basic pharmacodynamic model situations: A ‘closed’ in vitrosystem defining target binding of a ligand when both concentrations remain essentially static, and an ‘open’ in vivo system where target turnover dynamics and elimination of the drug-target complex are also included. Corresponding equilibrium (steady-state) expressions in the central pharmacokinetic compartment are derived and presented. Three representative variants of ‘open’ in vivo systems are discussed, showing relationships for ligand-target complex and ligand for each of the systems and graphically illustrating corresponding shapes. The examples include i) two ligands competing for one target, ii) two targets competing for one ligand (/drug), andiii) target-ligand (/drug) interactions in a peripheral PK compartment. The expanded in vivo potency EC50 ex- pression emphasises the contribution from target-related biology parameters that need accounting for, and particularly that ‘closed’ system (in vitro) properties should not be first choice when ranking compounds in vivo(‘open’ system). Show less
The work described in this thesis focuses on the mechanisms that give rise to alternative mRNAs and their alternative translation into proteins. Each of the described studies has been based on a... Show moreThe work described in this thesis focuses on the mechanisms that give rise to alternative mRNAs and their alternative translation into proteins. Each of the described studies has been based on a specific set of high-throughput RNA sequencing technologies. An overview of the available RNA sequencing methods, together with an introduction to different regulatory layers which define the expression of a gene, are presented in Chapter 1. Our work in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 investigates the process of alternative polyadenylation. Chapter 2 shows the role of alternative polyadenylation in the context of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Chapter 3 describes genetic variants associated with alternative polyadenylation. Chapter 4 focuses on mechanisms controlling protein synthesis (translation) during skeletal muscle differentiation, highlighting changes in the use of alternative translation initiation sites. In Chapter 5 we investigated the interdependence between alternative regulatory events in gene expression. In this study, based on single-molecule full-length RNA sequencing, we demonstrated coordination and interdependence between alternative transcription initiation, alternative splicing, and alternative polyadenylation. Finally, Chapter 6 connects fundamental research in the RNA field with clinical care, describing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Show less
Chronic pain is a significant health problem that greatly impacts the quality of life of individual patients and imparts high costs to society. Despite intense research effort and progress in our... Show moreChronic pain is a significant health problem that greatly impacts the quality of life of individual patients and imparts high costs to society. Despite intense research effort and progress in our understanding of the mechanistic and molecular basis of pain, chronic pain remains a significant clinical problem that has few effective therapies Throughout the various chapters we have highlighted some important conceptual and experimental flaws in the way that pain signalling and pharmacological activity are characterised and translated across species and disease conditions. The common denominator of the work presented here is the requirement for accurate characterisation of exposure-response relationships, without which the dose rationale for the progression of a molecule cannot justified, whether drugs are aimed at symptomatic relief, disease modification or prophylaxis. In addition to a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying pain signalling and symptoms, the work developed here focuses on three different aspects of research underpinning the use of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. First, we have explored the requirements for the characterisation of behavioural measures of pain during the early screening of candidate molecules, shedding light onto the shortcomings of experimental protocols commonly used in preclinical research. Then we introduced the prerequisites for the parameterisation of pain behaviour to ensure accurate translation of the pharmacological properties across species as well as for bridging across different phases of development. Lastly, an attempt was made to model clinical response in chronic inflammatory pain and to establish correlations between symptom improvement and the underlying pharmacological effects using biomarkers. In addition our work showed how clinical trial simulations can be used as a design tool, enabling the evaluation of a variety of scenarios that disentangle the contribution of pharmacology from the confounding effects of placebo and disease dynamics. Show less
Cellular responses to DNA damage are highly variable and strongly depend on the cellular and organismic context. Studying the DNA damage response is crucial for a better understanding of cancer... Show moreCellular responses to DNA damage are highly variable and strongly depend on the cellular and organismic context. Studying the DNA damage response is crucial for a better understanding of cancer formation and ageing as well as genotoxic stress-induced cancer therapy. To do justice to the multifaceted cellular changes, elicited by DNA damage, use of high-throughput techniques and integration with bioinformatics tools is of great value. This thesis summarizes recent advances in the field of systems biology studies of the DNA damage response and furthermore shows integrated approaches of the study of DNA damage response signaling networks in embryonic stem and cancer cells. By integration of transcriptional changes and the phosphorylation and metabolic response of cisplatin-treated embryonic stem cells, with RNAi-based knockdown screens we identify novel DNA damage response signaling networks, linking process such as Wnt signaling, translation arrest or altered metabolic pathways to the cellular response to DNA damage. Furthermore, genes, whose knockdown sensitizes embryonic stem cells to DNA damage-induced killing, are tested in cancer cells of varying genetic backgrounds identifying a small subset of genes, which represent potential drug targets for sensitization of cancer cells. Altogether, our systems approach for studying the DNA damage response identifies novel DNA damage-induced signaling networks and molecules, which modulate survival in the presence of DNA damage, potentially providing new targets for therapeutic intervention or biomarker discovery. Show less
The Reception of Voltaire’s theater in the Netherlands during the eighteenth century. Nowadays, when you think about Voltaire, you think about his “Tales”. Who does not know Candide or Zadig?... Show moreThe Reception of Voltaire’s theater in the Netherlands during the eighteenth century. Nowadays, when you think about Voltaire, you think about his “Tales”. Who does not know Candide or Zadig? However, in the XVIIIth century, he was famous and wanted to be celebrated for his theater. A few specialists already studied the reception of his theater in France. But what happened outside France? It seems that Voltaire as a dramatist was very appreciated in the Europe of the Enlightment. He is in the “United Provinces”, today the Netherlands, seen as the main figure of Classicism. Moreover, some aspects of his plays were found of particular interest: the exoticism of some of them, and specifically the patriotism often intensified in the translations. We talk about his tragedies like Zaïre, the best known, but we forget his comedies most of the time. However, the public loved them have been in a country, where despite the critics, the French culture has kept her Glory. Show less
