PurposeIntravenous alteplase (IVT) prior to endovascular treatment (EVT) is neither superior nor noninferior to EVT alone in acute ischemic stroke patients. We aim to assess whether the effect of... Show morePurposeIntravenous alteplase (IVT) prior to endovascular treatment (EVT) is neither superior nor noninferior to EVT alone in acute ischemic stroke patients. We aim to assess whether the effect of IVT prior to EVT differs according to CT perfusion (CTP)-based imaging parameters.MethodsIn this retrospective post hoc analysis, we included patients from the MR CLEAN-NO IV with available CTP data. CTP data were processed using syngo.via (version VB40). We performed multivariable logistic regression to obtain the effect size estimates (adjusted common odds ratio a[c]OR) on 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]) and functional independence (mRS 0-2) for CTP parameters with two-way multiplicative interaction terms between IVT administration and the studied parameters.ResultsIn 227 patients, median CTP-estimated core volume was 13 (IQR 5-35) mL. The treatment effect of IVT prior to EVT on outcome was not altered by CTP-estimated ischemic core volume, penumbral volume, mismatch ratio, and presence of a target mismatch profile. None of the CTP parameters was significantly associated with functional outcome after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionIn directly admitted patients with limited CTP-estimated ischemic core volumes who presented within 4.5 h after symptom onset, CTP parameters did not statistically significantly alter the treatment effect of IVT prior to EVT. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in patients with larger core volumes and more unfavorable baseline perfusion profiles on CTP imaging. Show less
Background Pre-stroke dependent patients (modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) >= 3) were excluded from most trials on endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the anterior... Show moreBackground Pre-stroke dependent patients (modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) >= 3) were excluded from most trials on endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in the anterior circulation. Therefore, little evidence exists for EVT in those patients. We aimed to investigate the safety and benefit of EVT in pre-stroke patients with mRS score 3. Methods We used data from the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) Registry. All patients treated with EVT for anterior circulation AIS with pre-stroke mRS 3 were included. We assessed causes for dependence and compared patients with successful reperfusion (defined as expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia scale (eTICI) 2b-3) to patients without successful reperfusion. We used regression analyses with pre-specified adjustments. Our primary outcome was 90-day mRS 0-3 (functional improvement or return to baseline). Results A total of 192 patients were included, of whom 82 (43%) had eTICI <2b and 108 (56%) eTICI >= 2b. The median age was 80 years (IQR 73-87). Fifty-one of the 192 patients (27%) suffered from previous stroke and 36/192 (19%) had cardiopulmonary disease. Patients with eTICI >= 2b more often returned to their baseline functional state or improved (n=26 (26%) vs n=15 (19%); adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.91 (95% CI 1.08 to 7.82)) and had lower mortality rates (n=49 (49%) vs n=50 (64%); aOR 0.42 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.93)) compared with patients with eTICI Conclusions Although patients with AIS with pre-stroke mRS 3 comprise a heterogenous group of disability causes, we observed improved outcomes when patients achieved successful reperfusion after EVT. Show less
Gunning, G.M.; McArdle, K.; Mirza, M.; Duffy, S.; Gilvarry, M.; Brouwer, P.A. 2018
Background Successful recanalization and good collateral status are associated with good clinical outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke, but the relationships among... Show moreBackground Successful recanalization and good collateral status are associated with good clinical outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke, but the relationships among them are unclear. Objective To assess if collateral status is associated with recanalization after EVT and if collateral status modifies the association between successful recanalization and functional outcome. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from the MR CLEAN Registry, a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients with a proximal anterior occlusion who underwent EVT in the Netherlands. We determined collateral status with a previously validated four-point visual grading scale and defined successful recanalization as an extended Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score >= 2B. Functional outcome was determined using the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days. We assessed, with multivariable logistic regression models, the associations between (1) collateral status and successful recanalization, (2) successful recanalization and functional outcome, (3) collateral status and functional outcome. An interaction of collateral status and successful recanalization was assessed. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Results We included 2717 patients, of whom 1898 (70%) had successful recanalization. There was no relationship between collateral status and successful recanalization (adjusted common OR (95% CI) of grades 1, 2, and 3 vs 0: 1.19 (0.82 to 1.72), 1.20 (0.83 to 1.75), and 1.10 (0.74 to 1.63), respectively). Successful recanalization (acOR (95% CI): 2.15 (1.84 to 2.52)) and better collateral grades (acOR (95% CI) of grades 1, 2, and 3 vs 0: 2.12 (1.47 to 3.05), 3.46 (2.43 to 4.92), and 4.16 (2.89 to 5.99), respectively) were both associated with a shift towards better functional outcome, without an interaction between collateral status and successful recanalization. Results were similar for the subgroup of thrombolysed patients. Conclusions Collateral status is not associated with the probability of successful recanalization after EVT and does not modify the association between successful recanalization and functional outcome. Show less
Background Randomised controlled trials with perfusion selection have shown benefit of endovascular treatment (EVT) for ischaemic stroke between 6 and 24 hours after symptom onset or time last seen... Show moreBackground Randomised controlled trials with perfusion selection have shown benefit of endovascular treatment (EVT) for ischaemic stroke between 6 and 24 hours after symptom onset or time last seen well. However, outcomes after EVT in these late window patients without perfusion imaging are largely unknown. We assessed their characteristics and outcomes in routine clinical practice. Methods The Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands Registry, a prospective, multicentre study in the Netherlands, included patients with an anterior circulation occlusion who underwent EVT between 2014 and 2017. CT perfusion was no standard imaging modality. We used adjusted ordinal logistic regression analysis to compare patients treated within versus beyond 6.5 hours after propensity score matching on age, prestroke modified Rankin Scale (mRS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS), collateral status, location of occlusion and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis. Outcomes included 3-month mRS score, functional independence (defined as mRS 0-2), and death. Results Of 3264 patients who underwent EVT, 106 (3.2%) were treated beyond 6.5 hours (median 8.5, IQR 6.9-10.6), of whom 93 (87.7%) had unknown time of stroke onset. CT perfusion was not performed in 87/106 (80.2%) late window patients. Late window patients were younger (mean 67 vs 70 years, p<0.04) and had slightly lower ASPECTS (median 8 vs 9, p<0.01), but better collateral status (collateral score 2-3: 68.3% vs 57.7%, p=0.03). No differences were observed in proportions of functional independence (43.3% vs 40.5%, p=0.57) or death (24.0% vs 28.9%, p=0.28). After matching, outcomes remained similar (adjusted common OR for 1 point improvement in mRS 1.04, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.93). Conclusions Without the use of CT perfusion selection criteria, EVT in the 6.5-24-hour time window was not associated with poorer outcome in selected patients with favourable clinical and CT/CT angiography characteristics. randomised controlled trials with lenient inclusion criteria are needed to identify more patients who can benefit from EVT in the late window. Show less
Background and purpose Direct presentation of patients with acute ischemic stroke to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) reduces time to endovascular treatment (EVT), but may increase time to... Show moreBackground and purpose Direct presentation of patients with acute ischemic stroke to a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) reduces time to endovascular treatment (EVT), but may increase time to treatment for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). This dilemma, however, is not applicable to patients who have a contraindication for IVT. We examined the effect of direct presentation to a CSC on outcomes after EVT in patients not eligible for IVT. Methods We used data from the MR CLEAN Registry (2014-2017). We included patients who were not treated with IVT and compared patients directly presented to a CSC to patients transferred from a primary stroke center. Outcomes included treatment times and 90-day modified Rankin Scale scores (mRS) adjusted for potential confounders. Results Of the 3637 patients, 680 (19%) did not receive IVT and were included in the analyses. Of these, 389 (57%) were directly presented to a CSC. The most common contraindications for IVT were anticoagulation use (49%) and presentation > 4.5 h after onset (26%). Directly presented patients had lower baseline NIHSS scores (median 16 vs. 17, p = 0.015), higher onset-to-first-door times (median 105 vs. 66 min, p < 0.001), lower first-door-to-groin times (median 93 vs. 150 min; adjusted beta = - 51.6, 95% CI: - 64.0 to - 39.2) and lower onset-to-groin times (median 220 vs. 230 min; adjusted beta = - 44.0, 95% CI: - 65.5 to - 22.4). The 90-day mRS score did not differ between groups (adjusted OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.73-2.08). Conclusions In patients who were not eligible for IVT, treatment times for EVT were better for patients directly presented to a CSC, but without a statistically significant effect on clinical outcome. Show less
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Stroke can be divided in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke is most often caused by an acute... Show moreStroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Stroke can be divided in ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke is most often caused by an acute occlusion of one of the cerebral arteries. Acute stroke treatment aims at resolving these acute artery occlusions. This can be done with intravenous thrombolysis or with locally applied therapy, i.e. intra-arterial, with thrombolytics or mechanical thrombectomy. This thesis focuses on the evolution of intra-arterial stroke treatment in the Netherlands. It captures the period before publication of the large randomised controlled trials that would eventually lead to implementation of intra-arterial treatment as standard treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large cerebral artery occlusion. Show less
Background: The optimal management of ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis during endovascular treatment (EVT) is unclear. We compared the outcomes of two different... Show moreBackground: The optimal management of ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis during endovascular treatment (EVT) is unclear. We compared the outcomes of two different strategies: EVT with vs without carotid artery stenting (CAS). Methods: In this observational study, we included patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke undergoing EVT and a concomitant ipsilateral extracranial ICA stenosis of >= 50% or occlusion of presumed atherosclerotic origin, from the Dutch Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) Registry (2014-2017). The primary endpoint was a good functional outcome at 90 days, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score <= 2. Secondary endpoints were successful intracranial reperfusion, new clot in a different vascular territory, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, recurrent ischaemic stroke and any serious adverse event. Results: Of the 433 included patients, 169 (39%) underwent EVT with CAS. In 123/168 (73%) patients, CAS was performed before intracranial thrombectomy. In 42/224 (19%) patients who underwent EVT without CAS, a deferred carotid endarterectomy or CAS was performed. EVT with and without CAS were associated with similar proportions of good functional outcome (47% vs 42%, respectively; adjusted OR (aOR), 0.90; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.62). There were no major differences between the groups in any of the secondary endpoints, except for the increased odds of a new clot in a different vascular territory in the EVT with CAS group (aOR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.07 to 8.21). Conclusions: Functional outcomes were comparable after EVT with and without CAS. CAS during EVT might be a feasible option to treat the extracranial ICA stenosis but randomised studies are warranted to prove non-inferiority or superiority. Show less
Background: Endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal occlusion of the anterior intracranial circulation, started within 6 h from symptom onset, has been proven safe and... Show moreBackground: Endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal occlusion of the anterior intracranial circulation, started within 6 h from symptom onset, has been proven safe and effective. Recently, EVT has been proven effective beyond the 6-h time window in a highly selected population using CT perfusion or MR diffusion. Unfortunately, these imaging modalities are not available in every hospital, and strict selection criteria might exclude patients who could still benefit from EVT. The presence of collaterals on CT angiography (CTA) may offer a more pragmatic imaging criterion that predicts possible benefit from EVT beyond 6 h from time last known well. The aim of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of EVT for patients treated between 6 and 24 h from time last known well after selection based on the presence of collateral flow.Methods: The MR CLEAN-LATE trial is a multicenter, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint trial, aiming to enroll 500 patients. We will investigate the efficacy of EVT between 6 and 24 h from time last known well in acute ischemic stroke due to a proximal intracranial anterior circulation occlusion confirmed by CTA or MRA. Patients with any collateral flow (poor, moderate, or good collaterals) on CTA will be included. The inclusion of poor collateral status will be restricted to a maximum of 100 patients. In line with the current Dutch guidelines, patients who fulfill the characteristics of included patients in DAWN and DEFUSE 3 will be excluded as they are eligible for EVT as standard care. The primary endpoint is functional outcome at 90 days, assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Treatment effect will be estimated with ordinal logistic regression (shift analysis) on the mRS at 90 days. Secondary endpoints include clinical stroke severity at 24 h and 5-7 days assessed by the NIHSS, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, recanalization at 24 h, follow-up infarct size, and mortality at 90 days,Discussion: This study will provide insight into whether EVT is safe and effective for patients treated between 6 and 24 h from time last known well after selection based on the presence of collateral flow on CTA. Show less
Background: Despite evidence of a quite large beneficial effect of endovascular treatment (EVT) for ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion, many patients do not... Show moreBackground: Despite evidence of a quite large beneficial effect of endovascular treatment (EVT) for ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation large vessel occlusion, many patients do not recover even after complete recanalization. To some extent, this may be attributable to incomplete microvascular reperfusion, which can possibly be improved by antiplatelet agents and heparin. It is unknown whether periprocedural antithrombotic medication in patients treated with EVT improves functional outcome. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and unfractionated heparin (UFH), alone, or in combination, given to patients with an ischemic stroke caused by an intracranial large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation during EVT.Methods: MR CLEAN-MED is a multicenter phase III trial with a prospective, 2 x 3 factorial randomized, open label, blinded end-point (PROBE) design, which aims to enroll 1500 patients. The trial is designed to evaluate the effect of intravenous ASA (300 mg), UFH (low or moderate dose), both or neither as adjunctive therapy to EVT. We enroll adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of stroke (NIHSS >= 2) and with a confirmed intracranial large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation on CTA or MRA, when EVT within 6 h from symptom onset is indicated and possible. The primary outcome is the score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. Treatment effect on the mRS will be estimated with ordinal logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for main prognostic variables. Secondary outcomes include stroke severity measured with the NIHSS at 24 h and at 5-7 days, follow-up infarct volume, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality.Discussion: Clinical equipoise exists whether antithrombotic medication should be administered during EVT for a large vessel occlusion, as ASA and/or UFH may improve functional outcome, but might also lead to an increased risk of sICH. When one or both of the study treatments show the anticipated effect on outcome, we will be able to improve outcome of patients treated with EVT by 5%. This amounts to more than 50 patients annually in the Netherlands, more than 1800 in Europe, and more than 1300 in the USA. Show less
Objectives Thrombus computed tomography (CT) characteristics might be used to assess histopathologic thrombus composition in patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic... Show moreObjectives Thrombus computed tomography (CT) characteristics might be used to assess histopathologic thrombus composition in patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to assess the variability in thrombus composition that could be predicted with combined thrombus CT characteristics. Methods Thrombi of patients enrolled in the MR CLEAN Registry between March 2014 and June 2016 were histologically analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantified for percentages of red blood cells (RBCs) and fibrin/platelets. We estimated the association between general qualitative characteristics (hyperdense artery sign [HAS], occlusion location, clot burden score [CBS]) and thrombus composition with linear regression, and quantified RBC variability that could be explained with individual and combined characteristics with R-2. For patients with available thin-slice (<= 2.5 mm) imaging, we performed similar analyses for general and quantitative characteristics (HAS, occlusion location, CBS, [relative] thrombus density, thrombus length, perviousness, distance from ICA-terminus). Results In 332 included patients, the presence of HAS (a beta 7.8 [95% CI 3.9-11.7]) and shift towards a more proximal occlusion location (a beta 3.9 [95% CI 0.6-7.1]) were independently associated with increased RBC and decreased fibrin/platelet content. With general characteristics, 12% of RBC variability could be explained; HAS was the strongest predictor. In 94 patients with available thin-slice imaging, 30% of RBC variability could be explained; thrombus density and thrombus length were the strongest predictors. Conclusions Quantitative thrombus CT characteristics on thin-slice admission CT improve prediction of thrombus composition and might be used to further guide clinical decision-making in patients treated with EVT for AIS in the future. Show less
Ali, M.; Meij, A. van der; Os, H.J.A. van; Zwet, E.W. van; Spaander, F.H.M.; Hofmeijer, J.; ... ; MR CLEAN Registry Investigators 2022
BackgroundWomen have been reported to have worse outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT), despite a similar treatment effect in non-clinical trial populations. We aimed to assess sex... Show moreBackgroundWomen have been reported to have worse outcomes after endovascular treatment (EVT), despite a similar treatment effect in non-clinical trial populations. We aimed to assess sex differences at hospital presentation with respect to workflow metrics, prestroke disability, and presenting clinical symptoms. MethodsWe included consecutive patients from the Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischaemic Stroke in The Netherlands (MR CLEAN) Registry (2014-2018) who received EVT for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO). We assessed sex differences in workflow metrics, prestroke disability (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >= 1), and stroke severity and symptoms according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on hospital admission with logistic and linear regression analyses and calculated the adjusted OR (aOR). ResultsWe included 4872 patients (47.6% women). Compared with men, women were older (median age 76 vs 70 years) and less often achieved good functional outcome at 90 days (mRS <= 2: 35.2% vs 46.4%, aOR 0.70, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.82). Mean onset-to-door time was longer in women (2 hours 16 min vs 2 hours 7 min, adjusted delay 9 min, 95% CI 4 to 13). This delay contributed to longer onset-to-groin times (3 hours 26 min in women vs 3 hours 13 min in men, adjusted delay 13 min, 95% CI 9 to 17). Women more often had prestroke disability (mRS >= 1: 41.1% vs 29.1%, aOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.82). NIHSS on admission was essentially similar in men and women (mean 15 +/- 6 vs 15 +/- 6, NIHSS <10 vs >= 10, aOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06). There were no clear sex differences in the occurrence of specific stroke symptoms. ConclusionWomen with LVO had longer onset-to-door times and more often prestroke disability than men. Raising awareness of these differences at hospital presentation and investigating underlying causes may help to improve outcome after EVT in women. Show less
Background The effects of thrombus imaging characteristics on procedural and clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke are increasingly being studied. These thrombus characteristics - for eg, size,... Show moreBackground The effects of thrombus imaging characteristics on procedural and clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke are increasingly being studied. These thrombus characteristics - for eg, size, location, and density - are commonly analyzed as separate entities. However, it is known that some of these thrombus characteristics are strongly related. Multicollinearity can lead to unreliable prediction models. We aimed to determine the distribution, correlation and clustering of thrombus imaging characteristics based on a large dataset of anterior-circulation acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods We measured thrombus imaging characteristics in the MR CLEAN Registry dataset, which included occlusion location, distance from the intracranial carotid artery to the thrombus (DT), thrombus length, density, perviousness, and clot burden score (CBS). We assessed intercorrelations with Spearman's coefficient (rho) and grouped thrombi based on 1) occlusion location and 2) thrombus length, density and perviousness using unsupervised clustering. Results We included 934 patients, of which 22% had an internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, 61% M1, 16% M2, and 1% another occlusion location. All thrombus characteristics were significantly correlated. Higher CBS was strongly correlated with longer DT (rho=0.67, p<0.01), and moderately correlated with shorter thrombus length (rho=-0.41, p<0.01). In more proximal occlusion locations, thrombi were significantly longer, denser, and less pervious. Unsupervised clustering analysis resulted in four thrombus groups; however, the cohesion within and distinction between the groups were weak. Conclusions Thrombus imaging characteristics are significantly intercorrelated - strong correlations should be considered in future predictive modeling studies. Clustering analysis showed there are no distinct thrombus archetypes - novel treatments should consider this thrombus variability. Show less
