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(1 - 19 of 19)

Daemen, J.A.M. 2024

Just to be sure? An analysis of security in relation to the values of well-being, freedom, and equality

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Security is something that people tend to care about. But is it also something that they should care about? To explore this question, this dissertation first develops a new conceptual framework of... Show moreSecurity is something that people tend to care about. But is it also something that they should care about? To explore this question, this dissertation first develops a new conceptual framework of security. Next, it analyses how security relates to some key values for liberal democratic societies. The first of these is well-being. It is argued that there are important ways in which security can contribute to somebody’s well-being – but there are also ways in which security may hamper a person’s flourishing. The second value is freedom. It is shown that in public decision-making freedom and security may come at each other’s cost – yet there are also ways in which the two can work to each other’s benefit. The third value is equality. It is demonstrated that in order for a society to meet the demands of equality it must provide its members with a particular set of securities – while at the same time the pursuit of equality puts another set of securities out of reach. Ultimately, this dissertation finds no reason for considering security to be good for its own sake, but it argues that security can be good for the sake of well-being, freedom, and equality. Show less

Jentzsch, C. 2023

Civilian violent mobilization and the intensity of civil war in Mozambique

Part of book or chapter of book

open access

Civilian self-protection is often associated with nonviolent means of protection. This chapter questions this view and argues that certain types of armed self-defence can be understood as... Show moreCivilian self-protection is often associated with nonviolent means of protection. This chapter questions this view and argues that certain types of armed self-defence can be understood as expressions of civilian protection agency. Specifically, it examines the consequences of the activities of community-initiated part-time militias during the war in Mozambique, drawing on a data set of violent events compiled from archival sources and interviews. Through this case study, it explores in what ways and under what conditions these more contentious and more risky forms of civilian self-protection help reduce violence against civilians during wartime and contribute to protection outcomes. The chapter shows how any effect in terms of protection was a temporary one, as the rebels quickly adapted and learned how to respond to the new armed challenge. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the dynamic character of war, shaped by learning processes on both the part of civilians and rebels. Show less

Wieringen L. van; Weggemans D.J.; Liem M.C.A. 2022

De intergenerationele overdracht van extreme gedachtensystemen: theoretische verkenning van een nieuw onderzoeksdomein

Article / Letter to editor

open access

With the recent rise and fall of IS, academics and policy makers around the world are expressing concerns about the fate of children of former foreign fighters. Will they follow in their parents’... Show moreWith the recent rise and fall of IS, academics and policy makers around the world are expressing concerns about the fate of children of former foreign fighters. Will they follow in their parents’ footsteps? In this paper, we argue that in light of this discussion, the intergenerational transmission of extreme beliefs deserves a research agenda of its own. The transmission of extreme ideologies, such as extremism and cultism, constitutes a unique topic, not previously captured in traditional transmission studies. The concepts commonly used in popular media, such as ‘brainwashing’ and ‘indoctrination’, similarly fall short when trying to understand this phenomenon. Instead, a multidisciplinary approach centered around the concept intergenerational transmission is proposed. We present some of our preliminary literature findings on this topic, and consider their relation to broader theoretical frameworks. We conclude with several considerations and suggestions for future research, to better understand the intergenerational transmission of extreme ideologies in all its complexity. Show less

Ven, R. van de; Plájás, I.Z. 2022

Inconsistent projections: con-figuring security vision through diagramming

Article / Letter to editor

open access

In this paper we propose a time-based digital tool, a diagram-in-the-making, as to learn about computer vision in the field of security. With this method we want to map the heterogeneous and... Show moreIn this paper we propose a time-based digital tool, a diagram-in-the-making, as to learn about computer vision in the field of security. With this method we want to map the heterogeneous and multiple nature of security vision technologies and their imaginaries. Concretely, we conducted qualitative interviews with professionals who develop, use or militate against these technologies and asked them to draw a diagram as to support their narrative. In spatialising the conversation, the diagrams allow for a wide variety of actants and relations to emerge. The time-based unfolding of the lines enacts imaginaries of computer vision practices which are intrinsically intertwined with the narratives of which they are part. It creates space for hesitation, uncertainties, incongruities and complexities that would have been rendered invisible in a geographic map. Through the spatial, material and temporal unfoldings of the diagrams we learn that security vision imaginaries are partial and contradictory. Show less

Payne, M.F. 2022

Torture, truth and national security in Seneca's Troades

Article / Letter to editor

open access

This article argues that the encounter between Andromache and Ulysses in Seneca's Troades engages with the genre of declamation to juxtapose two different discourses surrounding torture: one... Show moreThis article argues that the encounter between Andromache and Ulysses in Seneca's Troades engages with the genre of declamation to juxtapose two different discourses surrounding torture: one focussed on torture's connection to truth, the other on its connection to tyranny. It describes how the Greek general Ulysses, convinced of the danger of letting the Trojan prince Astyanax live, threatens his mother Andromache with physical torture in order to ascertain the truth of Astyanax's whereabouts. However, Ulysses is countered by Andromache's rhetoric, through which, the article shows, she depicts herself as the archetypal heroic victim of a tyrant. It discusses how Ulysses innovates with an effective psychological torture in response. The article sets the scenario within the broader rhetorical context and demonstrates how it reflects debate among the contemporary elite about the necessity of, and the risks from, the rising use of torture by the Julio-Claudian emperors, a debate which resonates in the modern era. Show less

Grol, Peter; Weggemans, D.J. 2022

Antidemocratische bewegingen in de Nederlandse democratie: een blik op Hizb ut-Tahrir

Article / Letter to editor

open access

In de maatschappelijke discussie over antidemocratische bewegingen lijkt stelselmatig voorbij te worden gegaan aan de vraag die als eerste beantwoord zou moeten worden, namelijk: Wat is democratie (en hoe deze te beschermen)? Antwoorden op deze vra(a)g(en) kunnen gevonden worden in het debat over weerbare democratie. Dit artikel heeft daarom hoofdzakelijk tot doel om het debat over weerbare democratie en het debat over antidemocratische bewegingen dichter bij elkaar te brengen.Een van de bewegingen die centraal staat in het debat over antidemocratische bewegingen is Hizb ut-Tahrir. In het artikel ‘Eigen koers richting kalifaat, een beeld van Hizb ut-Tahrir in Nederland’, dat eerder in dit tijdschrift is gepubliceerd, hebben we een beeld geschetst van Hizb ut-Tahrir in Nederland. Deze in de jaren vijftig van de vorige eeuw opgerichte beweging is wereldwijd actief, manifesteert zich als politieke partij en streeft naar de heroprichting van een ‘islamitisch kalifaat’. Hoewel de beweging fel gekant is tegen de heersende politieke elite en overheden wereldwijd, en democratie in zijn algemeenheid, wijst ze het gebruik van geweld om politieke verandering te verwezenlijken af. Inmiddels is Hizb ut-Tahrir ook al enkele decennia actief in Nederland, waar de beweging, in tegenstelling tot in veel andere landen wereldwijd, waaronder Duitsland, niet verboden is. Echter, ook in Nederland pleitten politici de afgelopen jaren geregeld voor een stevige aanpak van of zelfs een verbod op de beweging.In dit artikel zullen we allereerst illustreren hoe het debat over Hizb ut-Tahrir zich de afgelopen decennia ontwikkelde, en laten we zien dat er parallellen te trekken zijn met de wijze waarop het debat over het salafisme wordt gevoerd. We zullen daarbij ook kort de relevante maatschappelijke context schetsen en enkele nuanceringen plaatsen met betrekking tot de (vermeende) gewelddadige aard van deze bewegingen. Vervolgens zullen we laten zien dat de moderne weerbare democratietheorie mogelijk een waardevolle rol kan spelen in de verdere ontwikkeling van dit debat.

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Fosch Villaronga, E.; Hof, S. van der; Lutz, C.; Tamò Larrieux, A. 2021

Toy story or children story? Putting children and their rights at the forefront of the artificial intelligence revolution

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Policymakers need to start considering the impact smart connected toys (SCTs) have on children. Equipped with sensors, data processing capacities, and connectivity, SCTs targeting children... Show morePolicymakers need to start considering the impact smart connected toys (SCTs) have on children. Equipped with sensors, data processing capacities, and connectivity, SCTs targeting children increasingly penetrate pervasively personal environ- ments. The network of SCTs forms the Internet of Toys (IoToys) and often increases children's engagement and playtime experience. Unfortunately, this young part of the population and, most of the time, their parents are often unaware of SCTs’ far-reaching capacities and limitations. The capabilities and constraints of SCTs create severe side effects at the technical, individual, and societal level. These side effects are often unforeseeable and unexpected. They arise from the technology's use and the interconnected nature of the IoToys, without necessarily involving malevolence from their creators. Although existing regulations and new ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence provide remedies to address some of the side effects, policymakers did not develop these redress mechanisms having children and SCTs in mind. This article provides an analysis of the arising side effects of SCTs and contrasts them with current regulatory redress mechanisms. We thereby highlight misfits and needs for further policymaking efforts. Show less

Frear, M.J.; Mazepus, H. 2021

Security, civilisation and modernisation: Continuity and change in the Russian foreign policy discourse

Article / Letter to editor

open access

This study analyses official Russian foreign policy discourses to contribute to our understanding of how Russia portrays its role in world politics and vis-à-vis neighbouring states. Building on... Show moreThis study analyses official Russian foreign policy discourses to contribute to our understanding of how Russia portrays its role in world politics and vis-à-vis neighbouring states. Building on previous studies, we offer a new, comprehensive analysis of Foreign Policy Concepts and the annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly during President Vladimir Putin’s third term (2012–2018). By systematically coding these documents, counting references to particular discourses and undertaking a careful interpretation of the texts, we provide insights about three broader discourses related to foreign policy: the world order and sovereignty; civilisation, identity and values; and economics and modernisation. Show less

Tessema, Y.N. 2020

Political discourses and the securitization of democracy in post-1991 Ethiopia

Doctoral Thesis

open access

This thesis attempts to interrogate post-1991-2015 political development in Ethiopia, focusing on the political discourses espoused by the government and opposition, using the discourse analysis... Show moreThis thesis attempts to interrogate post-1991-2015 political development in Ethiopia, focusing on the political discourses espoused by the government and opposition, using the discourse analysis method and securitization theory. Discursive narratives and counter- discourse narratives are used by the political elite as instruments for political mobilization to bolster their ideological claims, while negating those of their opponents.The study draws two important linkages between the political discourses of the major political forces and the speech act” in securitization theory, where the EPRDF Government used extraordinary measures to quell opponents criticism of its doctrine,which is based on revolutionary democracy, ethnic federalism and the developmental state as sub- versive and existential terrorist acts intended to undermine its system rule. Concomitantly, opposition political discourses portray the EPRDF Government as a threat to the emergence of competitive open democratic politics, which would eventually lead to un- dermining the existence of Ethiopia as a unitary state.The thesis argues that government and opposition political discourses and the securitization of democracy have resulted in the emergence of the politics of the extraordinary”, which closed the political space for the growth and development of normal politics. The cumulative effect of the politics of the extraordinary is that it stifles any opportunity for authentic democratization to emerge. In Ethiopia, it privileged the securitization of democracy and legitimized the use of violence as an extension of a centralist revolutionary democratic discourse.Accordingly, this thesis explains the failure of post-1991 political development by unveiling the role of discursive narratives in shaping an entrenched nexus between politics and security. The thesis also examines the ruling partys political discourses and its institutionalizations, and investigates the discourses of the opposition – the Pan-Ethiopianists and ethno-nationalists – and the interplay of these discourses. Show less

Cristiano, F.; Distretti, E. 2020

Toward an aesthetics by algorithms: Palestinian cyber and digital spaces at the threshold of (in)visibility

Part of book or chapter of book

open access

This chapter explores how algorithms produce aesthetic forms and dystopian configurations across Palestinian cyber and digital spaces. Through surveillance and erasure, algorithms operate as... Show moreThis chapter explores how algorithms produce aesthetic forms and dystopian configurations across Palestinian cyber and digital spaces. Through surveillance and erasure, algorithms operate as infrastructures of (in)visibility on social media, digital maps, navigation apps, and augmented reality video-games. On the one hand, they serve the Israeli system of control by making Palestinian users and contents hyper-visible to surveillance. On the other, by imposing (self-)censorship and erasure from digital representations, they ultimately purport to delete Palestine from cyber spaces. Acting at the threshold of the (in)visible, algorithms do not only enact control and surveillance, but they also inform the creation of an aesthetics of disappearance. In this light, this chapter problematizes the normative assumption equating invisibility – in the form of masking or disconnection – to freedom and emancipation by introducing the concept of aesthetics by algorithms as new canon and form of ordering of the colonial space. Show less

Bakker, E.; Roy van Zuijdewijn, J. de 2018

Are returning foreign fighters future terrorists?

Part of book or chapter of book

open access

Leese, M.; Wittendorp, S. 2018

The new mobilities paradigm and critical security studies: exploring common ground

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Brinkel, T.B.F.M. 2018

Moraliteit, beleid en weerbaarheid. Een verkenningsmissie. Oratie uitgesproken bij het aanvaarden van het ambt van bijzonder hoogleraar op het gebied van Militair-Maatschappelijke Studies aan de Universiteit Leiden op maandag 15 januari 2018

Inaugural lecture

open access

Wittendorp, S.; Bont, R. de; Bakker, E.; Roy van Zuijdewijn, J. de 2017

Measures against Jihadist Foreign Fighters: A policy comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the UK and the US (2010 to 2017)

External research report

open access

From the time when the problem of people travelling to areas of conflict in Syria and Iraq became a topical issue at the end of 2012, many European countries as well as the United States have taken... Show moreFrom the time when the problem of people travelling to areas of conflict in Syria and Iraq became a topical issue at the end of 2012, many European countries as well as the United States have taken measures to prevent actual or would-be travellers and to prosecute and/or monitor returnees. This report provides an overview of measures taken, and the instances in which they are being taken, focusing on "person-specific measures". The report shows that the reviewed countries generally take similar initiatives. Nonetheless, there are significant differences in terms of political organisation, powers and legal culture. In a broader sense, this report attempts to shed light on the changing toolbox states have at their disposal as they try to face up to potentially violent, internationally operating non-state actors. Show less

David, M.E.L. 2017

Eclipsed by Russia: Trump's First 100 Days

Article / Letter to editor

open access

Rosmalen, L. van 2015

From security to attachment: Mary Ainsworth's contribution to attachment theory

Doctoral Thesis

open access

Even though John Bowlby (1907-1990) is generally regarded as the founder of attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth’s (1913-1999) contribution is considerable and goes beyond the design of the Strange... Show moreEven though John Bowlby (1907-1990) is generally regarded as the founder of attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth’s (1913-1999) contribution is considerable and goes beyond the design of the Strange Situation Procedure and the introduction of maternal sensitivity as decisive for a secure attachment relationship. Ainsworth worked in Toronto with William Blatz (1895-1964) for almost two decades before she moved to London and worked with Bowlby in 1950. Ainsworth was heavily influenced by Blatz and his security theory and infused Bowlby’s attachment theory in the making with elements of Blatz’s security theory. These elements, like for instance the secure base phenomenon, are clearly recognizable even now. The Strange Situation Procedure, an instrument Ainsworth designed to measure the quality of attachment in young children, can also be traced back to her time with Blatz: in the 1930s she designed instruments to measure the concept of security. The Strange Situation Procedure, however, was not the first of its kind: since the 1930s researchers had been experimenting with children, alone or in the company of their parents in unfamiliar surroundings, sometimes in the presence of a stranger. Taken together, we conclude that Ainsworth’s contribution to attachment theory is more significant than hitherto believed. Show less

Siradag, A. 2012

Causes, rationales and dynamics : exploring the strategic security partnership between the European Union and Africa

Doctoral Thesis

open access

This study examines a strategic partnership in the areas of peace and security between the EU and Africa. The EU has been strengthening its institutional ties with African organisations since 2000,... Show moreThis study examines a strategic partnership in the areas of peace and security between the EU and Africa. The EU has been strengthening its institutional ties with African organisations since 2000, with security relations with Africa a priority on the EU’s agenda following the 9/11 attacks on the United States of America. The study shows the driving forces behind the establishment of the partnership, arguing that the EU’s economic interests have played a significant role in its development. In addition, new global threats and challenges, such as immigration issues, climate change, international terrorism, conflicts, and the emerging global actors in Africa have affected the EU’s current foreign and security policy towards Africa. Norms and ideas also contribute to the emergence of the notion of strategic security partnership, but to a lesser extent. Drawing on literature, the method of process-tracing, and p rimary, secondary and tertiary sources, this dissertation opens up previously unexplored aspects of security relations between the two continents. Against the historical background of colonialism and recent moves to continental confederation and globalism, it seeks to determine why the EU has consolidated its institutional relations with African organisations. Show less

Hell, S.M. 2007

Siam and the League of Nations : modernization, sovereignty, and multilateral diplomacy, 1920-1940

Doctoral Thesis

open access

This study analyses the relations between Siam and the League of Nations from 1920 to 1940. It identifies Siam’s policy towards the League as a cornerstone of Siam’s foreign policy and an important... Show moreThis study analyses the relations between Siam and the League of Nations from 1920 to 1940. It identifies Siam’s policy towards the League as a cornerstone of Siam’s foreign policy and an important element of Siam’s domestic modernization during the sixth, seventh and eighth reigns of the Chakri dynasty. In doing so, the study aims at adding a key multilateral dimension to the existing historical analysis of Thai foreign relations during the first half of the twentieth century. It argues that Siam’s League membership played an important role in modernizing the country, reaffirming elite rule and regaining full sovereignty. This study concentrates on the inter-war years and traces Siam’s League membership in the most significant areas of interaction among the wide range of multilateral policy fields. It draws on extensive primary sources which have so far not been studied; the bulk of these files are located at the Thai National Archives in Bangkok and at the League of Nations Archives at the United Nations European Headquarters in Geneva. Show less

Out, J.C. 2005

Vormen van accessoriëteit, een romanistische studie over het verschijnsel accessoriëteit bij het goederenrechtelijke zekerheidsrecht.

Doctoral Thesis

some documents under embargo

De moderne rechten van pand en hypotheek zijn zogeheten accessoire rechten: zij zijn afhankelijk van de vordering van de kredietgever tot terugbetaling van de geldlening. Dit blijkt bijvoorbeeld... Show moreDe moderne rechten van pand en hypotheek zijn zogeheten accessoire rechten: zij zijn afhankelijk van de vordering van de kredietgever tot terugbetaling van de geldlening. Dit blijkt bijvoorbeeld uit het feit dat bij een volledige aflossing van de schuld, het zekerheidsrecht van rechtswege vervalt. In het proefschrift is nader onderzocht op welke wijzen de accessori_teit van het goederenrechtelijke zekerheidsrecht tot uitdrukking komt. De moderne rechten van pand en hypotheek alsmede het beginsel van accessori_teit vinden hun oorsprong in het Romeinse recht. Dit rechtsstelsel staat daarom centraal in het proefschrift. Tegen de achtergrond van de Romeinsrechtelijke voorstellingswijze van het verschijnsel accessori_teit kunnen de problemen die de huidige financieringspraktijk ondervindt, inzichtelijk worden gemaakt. Show less

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