People belonging to sexual minorities and people who do not conform to gender stereotypical roles still have a disadvantaged position in society. To promote inclusivity, it is important to... Show morePeople belonging to sexual minorities and people who do not conform to gender stereotypical roles still have a disadvantaged position in society. To promote inclusivity, it is important to understand how individuals are socialized into heteronormativity: everyday ways in which heterosexuality and traditional gender roles are positioned as normal and natural. In this dissertation, I examine the extent to which individuals (adolescents in particular) are socialized with heteronormativity by the national context in which they live, by Dutch schoolbooks and within Dutch families.Individuals appear to be socialized with heteronormativity in different ways: at the national level, progressive laws appear to be important, in school textbooks gender stereotypical patterns, underrepresentation of women and exclusion of sexual minorities, and within families the transmission of gender stereotypical and homophobic attitudes from parents to children. It appears that there is still a long way to go to achieve inclusion based on gender and sexual orientation. It seems important to continue to investigate both conscious and unconscious heteronormative messages and to address them in policy. More representation of counter-stereotypical role models and the normalization of public expressions and relationships of lesbian women and gay men seem necessary. Show less
Several critics have argued that private prisons are not only problematic because of their worse efects but also intrinsically wrong. This article analyzes two prominent arguments for this claim:... Show moreSeveral critics have argued that private prisons are not only problematic because of their worse efects but also intrinsically wrong. This article analyzes two prominent arguments for this claim: the representation argument and the condemnation argument. The conclusion is that these arguments fail to show that there is something intrinsically wrong about private prisons. This is especially true if the arguments are extended to non-proft private prisons under social injustice contexts that states are responsible for. In such cases, non-proft private prisons might not only be on a par with public prisons but be preferable to them. However, the arguments are also insufcient to oppose every conceivable for-proft private prison. Show less
This dissertation deals with Hegel’s theory of the sublime (das Erhabene). I focus specifically on die heilige Poesie (sacred poetry), a form of art that he identifies with the Judaic Psalms and... Show moreThis dissertation deals with Hegel’s theory of the sublime (das Erhabene). I focus specifically on die heilige Poesie (sacred poetry), a form of art that he identifies with the Judaic Psalms and which I claim to be the core of Hegel’s approach to sublimity. I claim that Hegel’s apparent lack of interest in the sublime must be clarified and interpreted in the light of his comments on the heilige Poesie. But to fully elucidate this, it is necessary to move beyond the domain of Hegel’s aesthetics: we should turn to his early practical dispute, before 1800, with Kantian morality in order to reconstruct and fully elucidate Hegel’s attitude toward sublimity. Show less
This multidisciplinary volume brings together scholars and writers who try to come to terms with the histories and legacies of European slavery in the Indian Ocean. The volume discusses a variety... Show moreThis multidisciplinary volume brings together scholars and writers who try to come to terms with the histories and legacies of European slavery in the Indian Ocean. The volume discusses a variety of qualitative data on the experience of being a slave in order to recover ordinary lives and, crucially, to place this experience in its Asian local context. Building on the rich scholarship on the slave trade, this volume offers a unique perspective that embraces the origin and afterlife of enslavement as well as the imaginaries and representations of slaves rather than the trade in slaves itself. Show less
The present study examined the representation of authors, illustrators, and characters of color in books for young children (6 years old and under) that (1) have won awards, (2) were purchased most... Show moreThe present study examined the representation of authors, illustrators, and characters of color in books for young children (6 years old and under) that (1) have won awards, (2) were purchased most often, and (3) were borrowed most often from libraries in the Netherlands from 2009 to 2018. Factors influencing the prominence of characters were explored. In total, 64 books and 2053 characters were coded, and representation statistics were compared to statistics of the national population. Results suggest a slight underrepresentation of authors of color as compared to population statistics, and an underrepresentation of characters of color as compared to the target audience. Results on some factors influencing prominence suggest that White characters and characters of color play an equally prominent role in the books. Results on other factors, however, suggest that characters of color, especially females, are less prominent in terms of their role in the story, whether they have a name, and in relation to the number of other characters in the book. The results provide an insight in to ethnic diversity in popular books for young children in the Netherlands, and show some room for improvement in terms of representation and prominence of characters of color, so that children of color might have more opportunities to identify with characters and that readers could be exposed to ethnic diversity as represented in society. Show less
Political parties take positions and make decisions on many policies that directly influence important parts of the lives of their voters. These policies include issues like raising the retirement... Show morePolitical parties take positions and make decisions on many policies that directly influence important parts of the lives of their voters. These policies include issues like raising the retirement age, lending money to large companies that face bankruptcy, or deploying soldiers to Afghanistan. But do political parties take into account the policy preferences of the general public and their own voters when making such decisions? And to what extent do interest groups influence political parties’ positions and decisions on these policy issues? This dissertation studies these important questions across a range of wealthy, Northwestern European democracies with strong democratic credentials, covering dozens of political parties, policy issues and even more interest groups and other policy advocates. Show less
Costello, R.; Toshkov, D.; Bos, B.; Krouwel, A. 2020
The level of congruence between parties and their voters can vary greatly from one policy issue to another, which raises questions regarding the effectiveness of political representation. We seek... Show moreThe level of congruence between parties and their voters can vary greatly from one policy issue to another, which raises questions regarding the effectiveness of political representation. We seek to explain variation in party-voter congruence across issues and parties. We focus on the hypotheses that (1) average proximity between the positions of voters and the party they vote for will be highest on the issues that the party emphasises in the election campaign and that (2) this relationship will be stronger for niche parties. We test these hypotheses using data on the policy preferences of voters, party positions, party attention profiles and salience on concrete policy issues in four countries: The Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and Sweden. Overall, we find that voter-party proximity tends to be higher on issues that the party emphasises. As these are the issues where parties typically have the greatest policy impact, this implies that the quality of representation is highest where it matters most. There is some limited evidence that the positive relationship between issue salience and proximity is stronger for niche parties. In sum, the quality of policy representation varies strongly with party-level issue salience and to a lesser extent with the type of political party. Show less
Do interest groups help or hinder democratic policymaking? While interest groups are often understood as transmission belts which work as important intermediaries between the public and the... Show moreDo interest groups help or hinder democratic policymaking? While interest groups are often understood as transmission belts which work as important intermediaries between the public and the policymaking level, their involvement is not without risk. Unequal opportunities and undue influence may bias the interest group landscape towards special interests.The latter, less optimistic perspective on interest group involvement is one that reflects public concerns as lobbying has a rather negative reputation amongst the general public. It is crucial for the study of interest groups as well as representative democracy to know the extent to which these stances on lobbying are warranted. Do groups actually represent the public and can contribute to democratic legitimacy? More specifically, can groups act as transmission belts of public preferences and how could they do so?Understanding these mechanisms is important for understanding how groups can help strengthen the extent to which governments respond to public demands. It is the dissertation’s aim to contribute to these debates, paying particular attention to the extent to which interest groups inform policymakers about what the public wants. Show less
This thesis explores the development of urban politics and the role of craft guilds in the city of Utrecht in the period of about 1250 to 1450. Three issues are specifically addressed: the... Show moreThis thesis explores the development of urban politics and the role of craft guilds in the city of Utrecht in the period of about 1250 to 1450. Three issues are specifically addressed: the development of the city’s political institutions, seen from the viewpoint of social and political groups seeking representation and influence (chapters 1 and 2); the development of political discourse and urban historiography (chapter 3); and the role of violence in urban politics (chapters 4 and 5). Within the period under consideration, the main focus is to uncover dynamic processes, and not to present a static view of ‘late medieval’ institutions, practices and political culture in Utrecht. Late medieval urban government was in constant change, and in this period, particularly, important changes took place in the character of urban politics and the political role that the craft guilds and their membership played in Utrecht. Show less
In deze thesis wordt het argument verdedigd dat de manier waarop geometrische patronen als decoraties functioneren precies laat zien hoe representatie werkt. Het argument ontvouwt zich onder... Show moreIn deze thesis wordt het argument verdedigd dat de manier waarop geometrische patronen als decoraties functioneren precies laat zien hoe representatie werkt. Het argument ontvouwt zich onder meer door middel van een uitgebreide analyse van het recente ‘core knowledge’ paradigma uit de cognitieve psychologie. Core knowledge onderzoekers stellen dat culturele fenomenen zoals muziek, taal en visuele patronen, geworteld zijn in aangeboren kennissystemen bijvoorbeeld op het gebied van geometrie en nummer. Hieruit wordt duidelijk dat iedereen over dezelfde mentale bouwstenen beschikt om abstracte patronen te herkennen en te maken. Een analyse van onderzoek uit de antropologie en de semiotiek toont aan dat ook het vermogen om abstracte tekens als representatie van een ander object, lichaam of idee te zien, in elk mens aanwezig moet zijn. Met behulp van theorieën over representatie uit de kunstgeschiedenis, zoals die van Leon Battista Alberti en Gottfried Semper, wordt ten slotte duidelijk hoe het maakproces verloopt door middel waarvan abstracte tekens representaties worden. Geconcludeerd wordt dat als zodanig geometrisch decoratieve patronen op z’n minst en per definitie altijd naar een menselijke maker verwijzen en daarmee naar intentionaliteit. Show less
The Our Lady Cathedral in Tournai is today one of the most remarkable churches of the Low Countries. In the Middle Ages, it was the mother church of the most northern bishopric of France.... Show more The Our Lady Cathedral in Tournai is today one of the most remarkable churches of the Low Countries. In the Middle Ages, it was the mother church of the most northern bishopric of France. The early 12 Century Cathedral was built during a highly turbulent chapter in the history of the bishopric. After five centuries in personal union with the diocese of Noyon, and a long struggle for independence, Tournai recovered its own bishop in 1146. The architecture of the new early 12 Century Cathedral was to represent the venerable age of the Church of Tournai and its original independence. The triconchos (trefoil) ground plan points to the martyrium churches: it recalls the ideal of the early Church and its local saintly founder. The impressive group of five towers refers to the future, being a prefiguration of the Holy City Jerusalem that will descent on earth at the end of time. The strength of the Cathedral as a representation of the episcopal see of an independent bishopric of Tournai was visualised in the attribute of Eleutherius, the new patron saint: a model of the group of five towers forms a concise summary of the architecture of the Cathedral. Show less
Cinema and society interact. This given becomes fascinating when socio-politically sensitive issues are adapted in films that confront spectators with the frames of reference they use to make sense... Show moreCinema and society interact. This given becomes fascinating when socio-politically sensitive issues are adapted in films that confront spectators with the frames of reference they use to make sense of society. This thesis studies how North-American and European films depict political torture in the context of the ‘War on Terror’. It starts from the debate that was held in the political and public domain concerning the actual torture of suspects of terrorist activities, and analyses political torture in film as a fictionalised, stylised form of such violence. In this way, it shows how public debates, politics, and art convene in cinema to engage with contemporary realities we, as societies, find difficult to witness and process. The analyses focus on War on Terror films made between 2004 and 2012. They incorporate ethical, political, and moral questions about the use of political torture, while addressing the West’s share in the geopolitics of the War on Terror. Ultimately, contributions are made to the fields of film narratology and cultural theory, as well as to current debates about the role of cinema in society: cinema as art object, as commercial artifice, and as commentary on socio- politically sensitive issues. Show less
Democratie van onderaf: het is even verleidelijk als problematisch. Dat zien we niet alleen bij de Occupy-beweging en de Arabische lente, maar ook in de geschiedenis. In 1848 trok een golf van... Show moreDemocratie van onderaf: het is even verleidelijk als problematisch. Dat zien we niet alleen bij de Occupy-beweging en de Arabische lente, maar ook in de geschiedenis. In 1848 trok een golf van revoluties over ons continent. Plotseling kregen miljoenen Europeanen de kans hun stem te laten horen in drukbezochte volksvergaderingen en politieke clubs. In dit moment van gekte leek even alles mogelijk. De toekomst lag open. 1848 – Clubkoorts en revolutie neemt de lezer mee naar de onrustige steden Parijs en Berlijn, twee brandpunten van de ‘Europese lente’. Geerten Waling schetst de dromen en verwachtingen achter de honderden democratische experimenten die er een nieuw publiek debat creëerden. En de politieke realiteit waarmee zij werden geconfronteerd. De revoluties van 1848 werden uiteindelijk allemaal neergeslagen of doofden uit, maar de ervaringen van dat jaar zouden de politieke cultuur in Europa blijvend veranderen. Ze maakten de moderne democratieën mogelijk die wij tegenwoordig als vanzelfsprekend beschouwen. Show less
Franklin Roosevelt is often viewed as the first modern media president; he modernized the radio address and the press conference, made use of modern public opinion polls, and was the first... Show moreFranklin Roosevelt is often viewed as the first modern media president; he modernized the radio address and the press conference, made use of modern public opinion polls, and was the first president to leave a presidential library and museum. Roosevelt was also a modern media politician in the sense that he carefully -- and very successfully -- managed his future image. This research looks at Roosevelt's methods for doing this and their long-term effects. On the other hand, it studies post-2000 representations of Roosevelt, in order to assess deviations between the public image Roosevelt projected and the public image exists today. Show less
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, three Dutch playwrights who are not known to have ventured beyond the precincts of Europe dramatized historical events which occurred in Asia. The... Show moreIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, three Dutch playwrights who are not known to have ventured beyond the precincts of Europe dramatized historical events which occurred in Asia. The episodes which became the plots for their plays were either contemporaneous or occurred very close to their own times. This study analyses these plays, namely Joost van den Vondel’s Zungchin (1667), Frans van Steenwyk’s Thamas Koelikan (1745) and Onno Zwier van Haren’s Agon (1769). It studies the information networks which made these literary endeavours possible and evaluates the role played by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in transferring information about these historical events from Asia to the Dutch Republic. This study also appraises how Asia was represented in these plays and how these characterizations were influenced by its channels of information transfer. This study concludes that these plays revolved around the idea of transfer and the information that the playwrights used originated in the archives of the VOC. This information consequently featured in popular printed works in the Republic which provided the playwrights with the necessary fodder for their plays. This study argues that the striking feature of this transcontinental passage of information was the metamorphosis of Oriental imagery Show less
This study analyses representations of female victims in post-Suharto media. In focusing on the discourse of female victimisation, it also underlines the import of the fall of the New Order regime... Show moreThis study analyses representations of female victims in post-Suharto media. In focusing on the discourse of female victimisation, it also underlines the import of the fall of the New Order regime and the opening of the media world in Indonesia at the same time. It selected notably prevalent and influential issues among media producers, feminist activists, social scientists, policy makers, and general audiences that emerged during the period of study (1998-2004). Based on observations at women’s NGOs and other institutions that are concerned about women, interviews and informal conversations with individuals engaged in projects related to mediation of women, and content analysis of numerous media presentations, both mainstream and alternative, this study finds that the context of reformasi (reform) has been a major factor influencing the changes that affected women and the media, and most importantly, on the burgeoning of the discourse of female victimisation. The representations of various images of female victims discussed in this study provide examples of how the opening of the media during the initial processes of reformasi prepared the ground for, and was partly boosted by, women’s abundant use of the media to express their ideas and protests. Show less
Chinese Feng-Shui and Indian Vāstu-Shāstra are two of the world’s best-known and longest-enduring systems of geomancy which have, for centuries, informed architectural practice of their respective... Show moreChinese Feng-Shui and Indian Vāstu-Shāstra are two of the world’s best-known and longest-enduring systems of geomancy which have, for centuries, informed architectural practice of their respective cultural spheres. Albeit developed in different geo-cultural contexts and reinforced by their distinct religious and philosophical convictions, these two systems are based on comparable expressions of architectural Do’s & Taboos. Mores specifically, the Do’s & Taboos of both traditions reflect three important common concerns: the configuration of built spaces, the orientation of built spaces and the spatial hierarchy of built spaces. On the basis of the paradigm of ‘architecture as a representation of realities’, this book is the first of its kind to provide a comparative and structural analysis of the meanings of the Do's & Taboos in two different architectural traditions. It paves the way for a deeper understanding of the shared socio-cosmic realities articulated through the built spaces of global architectural traditions. Show less
The main question that I address in my thesis is how we can best conceive the contrast between a priori and empirical truths. My response is realist and naturalist in character: I suggest that the... Show moreThe main question that I address in my thesis is how we can best conceive the contrast between a priori and empirical truths. My response is realist and naturalist in character: I suggest that the essential feature of a priori truths is that they consist in the obtaining of some realistically understood conditions in the domain of representations within human heads, rather than in the obtaining of those conditions that they typically purport to be about. This representationist constual cannot be reconciled with the received referentialist understanding of truth. Accordingly, my thesis can be seen as a case against standard referentialism about truth. After a detailed exposition and appropriate generalisation of Benacerraf__s dilemma about mathematical truth, I argue for two major claims. First, I demonstrate that among the most striking characteristics of our paradigm a priori beliefs about causally inert entities there are some, which cannot be suitably explained from a referentialist perspective, so that perspective must be wrong. Second, I argue that if we adopt an alternative, use-theoretic notion of truth, then the suggested representationist construal of apriority can meet all major explanatory adequacy conditions, and thus qualifies as a viable characterisation of the subject. Show less
This book is a study of Dutch mosque designs, objects of heated public debate. Until now, studies of diaspora mosque designs have largely consisted of normative architectural critiques that reject... Show moreThis book is a study of Dutch mosque designs, objects of heated public debate. Until now, studies of diaspora mosque designs have largely consisted of normative architectural critiques that reject the ubiquitous ‘domes and minarets’ as hampering further Islamic-architectural evolution. The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-Commissioned Mosque Design in The Netherlands represents a clear break with the architectural critical narrative, and meticulously analyzes twelve design processes for Dutch mosques. It shows that patrons, by consciously selecting, steering and replacing their architects, have much more influence on their mosques than has been generally assumed. Through the careful transformation of specific building elements from Islamic architectural history to a new context, they literally aim to ‘construct’ the ultimate Islam. Their designs thus evolve not in opposition to Dutch society, but to those versions of Islam that they hold to be false. Show less
