This dissertation focuses on an understudied yet common phenomenon: the youth wings of political parties. As Western democracies are characterised by party-related political change, the question is... Show moreThis dissertation focuses on an understudied yet common phenomenon: the youth wings of political parties. As Western democracies are characterised by party-related political change, the question is whether the functioning of party youth wings has changed over time. This study compares the functioning of Dutch party youth wings in the years 1985-1990, a period on the eve of major political changes, with the recent years 2014-2020. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, it provides insight into the ability of party youth wings to mobilise, represent and socialise young people into the political system. Show less
Political parties take positions and make decisions on many policies that directly influence important parts of the lives of their voters. These policies include issues like raising the retirement... Show morePolitical parties take positions and make decisions on many policies that directly influence important parts of the lives of their voters. These policies include issues like raising the retirement age, lending money to large companies that face bankruptcy, or deploying soldiers to Afghanistan. But do political parties take into account the policy preferences of the general public and their own voters when making such decisions? And to what extent do interest groups influence political parties’ positions and decisions on these policy issues? This dissertation studies these important questions across a range of wealthy, Northwestern European democracies with strong democratic credentials, covering dozens of political parties, policy issues and even more interest groups and other policy advocates. Show less
Costello, R.; Toshkov, D.; Bos, B.; Krouwel, A. 2020
The level of congruence between parties and their voters can vary greatly from one policy issue to another, which raises questions regarding the effectiveness of political representation. We seek... Show moreThe level of congruence between parties and their voters can vary greatly from one policy issue to another, which raises questions regarding the effectiveness of political representation. We seek to explain variation in party-voter congruence across issues and parties. We focus on the hypotheses that (1) average proximity between the positions of voters and the party they vote for will be highest on the issues that the party emphasises in the election campaign and that (2) this relationship will be stronger for niche parties. We test these hypotheses using data on the policy preferences of voters, party positions, party attention profiles and salience on concrete policy issues in four countries: The Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and Sweden. Overall, we find that voter-party proximity tends to be higher on issues that the party emphasises. As these are the issues where parties typically have the greatest policy impact, this implies that the quality of representation is highest where it matters most. There is some limited evidence that the positive relationship between issue salience and proximity is stronger for niche parties. In sum, the quality of policy representation varies strongly with party-level issue salience and to a lesser extent with the type of political party. Show less
How do political parties respond to heavy electoral defeat, and why do different parties respond in different ways? This question has become all the more relevant now that it seems more the... Show moreHow do political parties respond to heavy electoral defeat, and why do different parties respond in different ways? This question has become all the more relevant now that it seems more the rule than the exception for at least one party to lose heavily at any election. This dissertation aims to build a new model to explain the choices made by parties in response to heavy electoral defeat. Studying four cases in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, it reaches a number of new insights on party change. It turns out that parties under pressure are not just in a struggle for power or in a question for their primary goals, but also in a continuous conversation with the party’s own past. The degree of attachment to the electoral base and the party ideology have a significant impact on the preferences of parties for dealing with a heavy electoral defeat. These factors are, at the same time, sometimes overtaken by the realities of the electoral system in which parties operate. With these insights, this book takes the first step towards building a new model to understand an increasingly important phenomenon in party systems subjected to partisan dealignment and electoral volatility. Show less
Why did people decide to found political parties? How did they convince others to become members of this new organizational model? In the second half of the nineteenth century, the first party... Show moreWhy did people decide to found political parties? How did they convince others to become members of this new organizational model? In the second half of the nineteenth century, the first party organizations differed from previously existing mass political organizations, because they aimed for and had direct access to parliamentary representation. In contrast to previously existing parties that loosely organized the traditional political elite in parliament, the new mass parties were based on an extensive organizational body that included previously excluded social groups in politics. Combining political history with social science theory, this dissertation studies the ideas and practices of political activists who founded the first party organizations. The comparison of three case studies (the German Social Democratic Workers’ Party, the British National Liberal Federation and the Dutch Anti-Revolutionary Party) is based on primary sources including letters, diaries, autobiographies, minutes of meetings, brochures, newspapers and political programs in three different languages. Show less
Party law, or the legal regulation of political parties, has become a prominent feature of party systems. Some party laws are designed to have a much larger political impact than others. It... Show moreParty law, or the legal regulation of political parties, has become a prominent feature of party systems. Some party laws are designed to have a much larger political impact than others. It remains unknown why some countries adopt party laws that have substantial implications for party politics while other countries’ legislative efforts are of a very limited scope. This dissertation explores why different party laws appear as they do. It builds a theoretical framework of party law reform that departs from the Latin American experience with regulating political parties. Latin America is not necessarily known for its strong party systems or party organizations. This raises the important question of why Latin American politicians turn to party law, and to political parties more generally, to structure political life. Using these questions as a heuristic tool, the dissertation advances the argument that party law reforms provide politicians with access to crucial party organizational resources that allow them to win elections and to legislate effectively. It identifies threats to party organizational resources as an important force shaping adopted party law reforms – with potentially damaging consequences for the legitimacy of the political system as a whole. Show less
This book explores the new types of political organization that emerged in Western Europe and the United States during the nineteenth century, from popular meetings to single-issue organizations... Show moreThis book explores the new types of political organization that emerged in Western Europe and the United States during the nineteenth century, from popular meetings to single-issue organizations and political parties. The development of these has often been used to demonstrate a movement towards democratic representation or political institutionalization. This volume challenges the idea that the development of ‘democracy’ is a story of rise and progress at all. It is rather a story of continuous but never completely satisfying attempts of interpreting the rule of the people. Taking the perspective of nineteenth-century organizers as its point of departure, this study shows that contemporaries hardly distinguished between petitioning, meeting and association. The attraction of organizing was that it promised representation, accountability and popular participation. Only in the twentieth century did parties reliable partners for the state in averting revolution, managing the unpredictable effects of universal suffrage, and reforming society. This collection analyzes them in their earliest stage, as just one of several types of civil society organizations, that did not differ that much from each other. The promise of organization, and the experiments that resulted from it, deeply impacted modern politics. Show less
'The Party. The political life in the early SDAP' describes and analyses the origins and the first fifteen years of the Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Netherlands (SDAP) from a new... Show more'The Party. The political life in the early SDAP' describes and analyses the origins and the first fifteen years of the Social Democratic Workers' Party in the Netherlands (SDAP) from a new perspective. Where most studies on political parties focus on what members mean to their parties, this book reverses the question and asks: what did the party mean to its first members? By taking regular local party members as the starting point for a party history, this book contributes to both the historiography of the SDAP and that of the emergence of political parties in the Netherlands. First and foremost, this ‘member perspective’ shows that the functioning of parties was not only shaped through the development of ideology, organizational structures, and leadership, but also by the need for sociability, local traditions, and several other social and cultural factors. By seeing the party as an association and seeing its members as members of a socialist family this book helps to understand the member’s manners, party leadership and the way the party functioned in politics. Although the SDAP is the focus here, it is likely that this approach would be fruitful for other parties too. Show less
Approximately 2.5% of the electorate in the Netherlands is member of a political party. This modestly sized group plays an important role in representative democracies: members are part of the... Show moreApproximately 2.5% of the electorate in the Netherlands is member of a political party. This modestly sized group plays an important role in representative democracies: members are part of the electorate and of their party and function as intermediaries between voters and elected officials. There is, however, debate as to the role of party members. The impression exists that members of the same party are internally divided over important political issues, that it is largely impossible to distinguish between members of different parties substantively, and that members differ in terms of views and backgrounds, and thereby drive a wedge between voters and elected officials. Based on the Leyden Party Member Survey, this study investigates how internally cohesive, externally different and representative in terms of membership Dutch parties are. This study's findings suggest, at least for the Netherlands, that the view that party members are obstacles is factually incorrect. In general, party members are internally quite cohesive and adopt a shared, substantive position that differentiates from the position of members of other parties. Although their demographic profile deviates, members' substantive views are congruent with those of the voters and MPs of their party. Show less
The referendum is one of the most studied and practiced institutions of semi-direct democracy around the world, in several latitudes and historical times, in different systems and political regimes... Show moreThe referendum is one of the most studied and practiced institutions of semi-direct democracy around the world, in several latitudes and historical times, in different systems and political regimes, at international, national, regional or local levels, with different legal frameworks and with various political consequences. However, Portugal, whose constitutional experience begins in 1820 with the liberal revolution, had its first democratic referendum only in 1998. This study try to conceptually characterize the referendum, in order to establish its fundamental typologies regarding the most relevant experiences in this field and to situate the case for and against the referendum as an expression of semi-direct democracy in the political and philosophical debate of different historical moments. In the next chapters, entirely dedicated to the Portuguese case, we shall present the historical evolution of the nation al and local referendum in the constitutional and political life in Portugal since 1820. An added emphasis will be given to the referendum experience of the Portuguese democracy born in 1974, particular attention being payed to the political debate about the formal introduction of the referendum in the 1976 Constitution and to the concrete experience of referendums proposed and held since then. Show less
This thesis studies, how, when and why established political parties imitate new political parties. It examines new party effects on both the policy positions of established parties and the... Show moreThis thesis studies, how, when and why established political parties imitate new political parties. It examines new party effects on both the policy positions of established parties and the attention established political parties spend on issues. It examines this effect in both the electoral and parliamentary arena. This study focuses on a single country, the Netherlands Show less
How can electoral volatility in the new European democracies be explained? This book proposes an institutionally embedded framework to explain voters’ choice in six Central and Eastern European... Show moreHow can electoral volatility in the new European democracies be explained? This book proposes an institutionally embedded framework to explain voters’ choice in six Central and Eastern European countries. Such an approach illustrates how political parties can influence the electoral environment in which they are active. As party organizations create effective gates of communication with the electorate, political parties can use them to stabilize their electorates. This study argues and tests that party organization can contribute to the creation of a recognizable label that voters can identify with over the medium to long term, that it may favor the creation of popular networks, and can promote and rely on recognizable candidates in consecutive elections. In order to do so, three distinctive means are employed: intra-party decision-making, membership rates, and re-nomination of incumbent MPs. Show less
Do political parties fulfil their election mandates? This study provides an empirical analysis of a question many people feel they already have an answer to. The extent to which parties talk about... Show moreDo political parties fulfil their election mandates? This study provides an empirical analysis of a question many people feel they already have an answer to. The extent to which parties talk about similar issues and take similar positions before and after elections is studied in the context of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The main question is whether the different institutional structures in these countries lead to differences in mandate fulfilment. To answer this question, this book provides an analysis of parties' election manifestos and parliamentary debates. It shows how the political competition changes after elections. It analyses differences between government and opposition and the impact of issue saliency and policy position extremism. Moreover, it provides an overview of mandate fulfilment since the 1950s: has party mandate fulfilment declined? Show less
