Laws regulate behaviour. However, human beings do not always obey the law. This makes it important to identify how law enforcement can stimulate compliance. This thesis investigates multiple gaps... Show moreLaws regulate behaviour. However, human beings do not always obey the law. This makes it important to identify how law enforcement can stimulate compliance. This thesis investigates multiple gaps in the literature on instrumental and normative pathways to compliance and counters some of the limitations in previous research. It contains three empirical studies that answer the following questions. Do citizens update their perceived sanction risk in response to changes in police activity? Does police behaviour that signals higher quality of treatment or decision-making lead to higher perceived procedural justice? Howdo instrumental and normative motivations translate into greater compliance with traffic laws?All results are based on field research conducted with the help of the Dutch National Police between January and August 2017. During this period data was collected at routine traffic control check-points for mopeds. The combination of data gathered through surveys, structured social observations and an experimental manipulation contributes to a better and more precise understanding of pathways to compliance. Show less
This study analyses security policy in Colombia between 2002 and 2018 and the role the national police force played in this strategy. During the timeframe researched, an unprecedented number of... Show moreThis study analyses security policy in Colombia between 2002 and 2018 and the role the national police force played in this strategy. During the timeframe researched, an unprecedented number of public policies were created. It also constitutes the most critical period of the internal armed conflict between state security forces, guerrillas, paramilitary groups and drug traffickers. A peace process was also initiated at this time, leading to a new phase of transition. As a result, traditional state-centrism models of security have been rethought but not yet implemented. The thesis explores a series of public policies on security, highlighting the important institutional way of dealing with public problems in Colombia, where confusion about different actors’ roles in managing security has persisted. This situation reflects the reductionism surrounding national security, which has been accentuated by the very circumstances surrounding the armed conflict and drug trafficking in the second half of the twentieth century. Show less
The current body of law governing the conduct of police and prosecution during the investigative phase of criminal proceedings encompasses an enormous amount of rules. At the same time, a... Show moreThe current body of law governing the conduct of police and prosecution during the investigative phase of criminal proceedings encompasses an enormous amount of rules. At the same time, a restrained approach with regard to the judicial supervisory role of investigative propriety is visible in case law while it remains unclear whether and to which extent other institutions have a supervisory role in this respect. This research looks at the current system of supervision on police and prosecutorial conduct in the context of criminal law proceedings from the viewpoint of criminal law standard. After all, creating rules for the conduct of law enforcement entails a certain obligation to ensure rule-compliance. After illustrating the complexity of the current legal framework as well as the complexity of reasons underlying its norms, the study focuses on the supervision of the conduct of police and prosecution. Based on the specific characteristics of the current Dutch criminal procedural law, the study develops a framework for an adequate system of supervision. The study then describes how currently supervision on police and prosecutorial conduct is organised and finally evaluates this in light of the requirements of adequate supervision as set out in previous chapter. Show less
In the past 13 years, Japan has been experiencing a boom in volunteering activities aimed atcrime prevention; as close to 3,000,000 Japanese citizens have involved themselves in... Show moreIn the past 13 years, Japan has been experiencing a boom in volunteering activities aimed atcrime prevention; as close to 3,000,000 Japanese citizens have involved themselves in volunteeringactivities with this aim. This article firstly examines how such a boom has come about.It secondly addresses the ways in which volunteers represent their own activities and theirreasons for engaging in and continuing with these activities. The article finally addresses theimpact of volunteering activities on the neighborhoods in which they are undertaken, as well asimplications of article findings for discussions on neighborhood watch programs in non-Japanesecontexts. This article is based on participant observation, interviews with and material producedby members of three volunteering groups as well as members of local governments and thepolice.The crime prevention volunteering boom has been largely conceptualized and orchestrated bythe Japanese police in close cooperation with the local government and neighborhood associations.Volunteers' activities are as a result informed and influenced by criminological theories,concepts and research, while also embedded in more general (local) government “town building”efforts aimed at creating a living environment in which people can lead healthy lives whilefeeling safe and secure. Volunteers phrased their motivation in terms of both such town buildingidea(l)s and the threat of crime. They represented crime as existing outside of the neighborhood,and as both effectively impacted by volunteering activities and immutably threatening. While theimpact of volunteering activities on crime rates is difficult to assess, these activities in any caseprovide opportunities for increased social interaction and physical activity, while also resultingin spaces in which the neighborhood's eyes are always watching. Show less
This study tackles the topic of public security in Latin America, mainly emphasizing the dynamic at a municipal level. It focuses the Bogotá’s experience in dealing with security between 1995 and... Show moreThis study tackles the topic of public security in Latin America, mainly emphasizing the dynamic at a municipal level. It focuses the Bogotá’s experience in dealing with security between 1995 and 2015. It is claimed that the Colombian capital’s experience of public management during the last two decades has been very valuable, since it shows the impact of dealing with the problem of insecurity at a local level through collaboration with other institutions. The results of this study highlight the everyday institutional complexities that are experienced by Bogotá’s Municipality and Metropolitan Police, as well as the multiple challenges faced by local mayors and police stations. Show less
Jaarlijks klagen honderden burgers bij de Nationale ombudsman over het optreden van de politie. Lang niet alle klachten blijken gegrond, maar het is een feit dat de politie diep kan ingrijpen in de... Show moreJaarlijks klagen honderden burgers bij de Nationale ombudsman over het optreden van de politie. Lang niet alle klachten blijken gegrond, maar het is een feit dat de politie diep kan ingrijpen in de rechten van de burger. Dit onderzoek geeft antwoord op een aantal belangwekkende vragen die in dit verband rijzen. Aan de hand van welke normen beoordeelt de Nationale ombudsman het optreden van de politie? Hoe verhoudt zijn toezicht zich tot dat van de strafrechter en het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens? En: wat is het effect van uitspraken van de Nationale ombudsman op de politie? Neemt de politie deze oordelen ook daadwerkelijk over en past ze haar gedrag aan? In deze studie is gekozen voor een multidisciplinaire aanpak: enerzijds een juridische analyse van de uitspraken van de ombudsman, en anderzijds een sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek naar de doorwerking van deze uitspraken bij de politie. Het geeft inzicht in de wijze van oordelen door de ombudsman en in hoeverre zijn oordelen aansluiten bij of afwijken van andere rechtsprekende instanties. Ook wordt duidelijk op welke wijze doorwerking plaatsvindt en welke factoren daarbij een rol spelen. Beantwoording van de onderzoeksvragen is niet alleen van theoretisch belang. Daarom zijn op basis van dit onderzoek aanbevelingen geformuleerd voor zowel de Nationale ombudsman als voor de politie. Show less
Gegevensverwerking is van essentieel belang voor de (justiti_le) politietaak. De maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen nopen de wetgever tot het vinden van een balans tussen het effectief waarborgen van... Show moreGegevensverwerking is van essentieel belang voor de (justiti_le) politietaak. De maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen nopen de wetgever tot het vinden van een balans tussen het effectief waarborgen van de veiligheid van de burger enerzijds en de bescherming van de privacy van diezelfde burger anderzijds. Dit onderzoek beoogt duidelijkheid te scheppen omtrent de juridische en maatschappelijke mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden van de verwerking van gegevens in het kader van de opsporingstaak. Onder meer voor het gebruik van datamining. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat aanpassing van de huidige wet- en regelgeving noodzakelijk is met het oog op een afdoende bescherming van de persoonlijke levenssfeer, waarbij de 'verwerking' van gegevens het uitgangspunt moet zijn. Tevens dient zo te worden voorzien in een betere benutting van de mogelijkheden die de huidige techniek biedt op het vlak van gegevensverwerking. De verantwoordelijkheden binnen de opsporing moeten duidelijk zijn en er dient te worden gestreefd naar een uniforme gegevensverwerking binnen de politie. Dit kan worden bereikt door een verplichte samenwerking en invoering (daartoe) van één systeem en/of het hanteren van een onderling eenvoudig uitwisselbaar bestandsformaat. Dit maakt een eenduidige en effectieve gegevensverwerking mogelijk en voorkomt versnippering van informatie. De voorgestelde Wet Politiegegevens komt in veel opzichten tegemoet aan de in dit onderzoek geconstateerde knelpunten. Show less
