The Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO), is being developed by Kees Waaldijk at Leiden University, with the help of many others. It is work in progress, covering... Show moreThe Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO), is being developed by Kees Waaldijk at Leiden University, with the help of many others. It is work in progress, covering all 200 currently-independent countries of the world for every year since 1961.In GILRHO, for each year, countries can be given index points for eight categories of laws: decriminalization (one point for legalization of sex between same-sex adults, and one for equalization of the age of consent), anti-discrimination legislation (one point for an explicit prohibition in the field of employment, and one for this in the field of goods and services), and couple recognition (one point for recognition of same-sex cohabitation, one for introduction of registered partnership, one for allowing adoption by same-sex partner(s), and one for opening up marriage to them). So a maximum of eight points, with a half point given if the relevant law is or was only applicable in part(s) of a country.A full description of the methodology of GILRHO, and an analysis of its interaction with GDP per capita, can be found in the open access article: MVL Badgett, K Waaldijk & Y van der Meulen Rodgers, ‘The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: Macro-level evidence’ (120 World Development, August 2019, p. 1-14, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X19300695). More information about the sources and construction of GILRHO is provided in the report: MVL Badgett, S Nezhad, K Waaldijk & Y van der Meulen Rodgers, The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: An analysis of emerging economies (2014, Washington DC and Los Angeles, CA: USAID and The Williams Institute; https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-inclusion-economic-dev). A short explanation of GILRHO in Dutch, in relation to public opinion, can be found in the paper: K Waaldijk, ‘Van strafbaar tot huwbaar – homorecht wereldwijd’ (2015, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/37242).GILRHO has been developed on the basis of constantly improving versions of a footnoted legal dataset originally presented in the paper: K Waaldijk, ‘Legal recognition of homosexual orientation in the countries of the world’ (2009 conference The Global Arc of Justice at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute, http://hdl.handle.net/1887/14543). Since then the legal dataset has been expanded and corrected on the basis of many sources (including the annual reports on State-Sponsored Homophobia published since 2006 by ILGA (the International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association, https://ilga.org/state-sponsored-homophobia-report). The legal dataset has not yet been published.Parts of the numerical index data of GILRHO (as they were by 2014) have now been published. First the provisional index data for 39 countries over the years 1980-2014 were published in the 2014 report by Badgett et al. (mentioned above, p. 60-61). And later the provisional index data for 132 countries for the years 1966-2011 have been published in the data file accompanying the 2019 article by Badgett et al. (mentioned above, spreadsheet in Appendix A, which also contains other data from other sources); this data file is also attached here. The published numerical index data of GILRHO and its underlying legal dataset are subject to further corrections and updates. Over the coming years, more comprehensive versions of GILRHO and of its legal dataset will be published. Show less
This Italian version of this article is online at www.articolo29.it/genius, the English version at scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/4, the Dutch version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24920, and...Show moreThis Italian version of this article is online at www.articolo29.it/genius, the English version at scholarship.law.duke.edu/djcil/vol24/iss1/4, the Dutch version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24920, and the Vietnamese version at hdl.handle.net/1887/24934.The right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings was first articulated — as an aspect of the right to respect for private life — by the European Commission of Human Rights (in 1976). Since then such a right has been recognised in similar words by national and international courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court (Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees), the European Court of Human Rights (Niemietz v. Germany), the Constitutional Court of South Africa (National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality), and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Ortega v. Mexico). This lecture traces the origins of this right, linking it to the meaning of the word ‘orientation’ and to the basic psychological need for love, affection and belongingness (Maslow 1943). It proposes to speak of ‘the right to relate’, and argues that this right can be seen as the common theme in all issues of sexual orientation law (ranging from decriminalisation and anti-discrimination, to the recognition of refugees and of same-sex parenting). This right can be used as the common denominator in the comparative study of all those laws in the world that are anti-homosexual, or that are same-sex-friendly. The right to establish (same-sex) relationships implies both a right to come out, and a right to come together. The right to develop (same-sex) relationships is being made operational through legal respect, legal protection, legal recognition, legal formalization, and legal recognition of foreign formalization. Show less
In the novels of Hugo Claus in which an "impossible love" is an important issue, we find, almost without exception, characters having characteristics that are typical for members of the opposite... Show moreIn the novels of Hugo Claus in which an "impossible love" is an important issue, we find, almost without exception, characters having characteristics that are typical for members of the opposite sex. (Latent) homosexuality plays an important role. The androgyny theme is the main theme in most of Claus' novels. There are two sources to be designated for this theme. In the first place, that is Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The other source is the ancient belief that man is an androgynous being, originally. The androgynous man or woman, the human beings in which the contrast between male and female characteristics are disappeared, are often to be associated with a heavenly state of being. Show less
Throughout the world, Muslims explore ways to be gay and still be part of the Muslim community. Although prohibitive Islamic attitudes towards homosexuality may seem to make this difficult, these... Show moreThroughout the world, Muslims explore ways to be gay and still be part of the Muslim community. Although prohibitive Islamic attitudes towards homosexuality may seem to make this difficult, these are not shared by all Muslims. There is also a counter-culture of Muslim queerness that demonstrates that not all religious scholars were necessarily against homosexuality. This article discusses understandings of Islam that accommodate homosexual relationships. Show less
