Giving is essential for forming and maintaining social relationships, which is an important developmental task for adolescents. This pre-registered fMRI study investigated behavioral and neural... Show moreGiving is essential for forming and maintaining social relationships, which is an important developmental task for adolescents. This pre-registered fMRI study investigated behavioral and neural correlates of adolescents’ (N = 128, ages 9 – 19 years) small versus large size giving in different social contexts related to target (i.e., giving to a friend or unfamiliar peer) and peer presence (i.e., anonymous versus audience giving). Participants gave more in the small size than large size condition, more to friends than to unfamiliar peers, and more in the audience compared to anonymous condition. Giving very small or large amounts was associated with increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior insula (AI), and older adolescents showed increased lateral and anterior PFC activation for small size giving. We observed activity in the intraparietal cortex (IPL), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and AI for giving to friends, but no age-related differences in this activity. Behaviorally, in contrast, we observed that older adolescents differentiated more in giving between friends and unfamiliar peers. Finally, we observed interactions between peer presence and target in the AI, and between giving magnitude and target in the precuneus. Together, findings reveal higher context-dependency of giving and more lateral PFC activity for small versus large giving in older adolescents. Show less
Young Muslim Association in Europe (PPME), established in The Hague by most of Indonesian youths in 1971, keeps going to be more significant for its members. This fact has led me to do research on... Show moreYoung Muslim Association in Europe (PPME), established in The Hague by most of Indonesian youths in 1971, keeps going to be more significant for its members. This fact has led me to do research on its formation of religious identity, encouragement for giving, and networks (1971-2009). This research aims to historically describe the process of its establishment and development and explore its activities in the Netherlands and Indonesia. This approach aims to elicit the pattern of the formation and the attempts for the encouragement and to reveal the networks in the two countries. PPME could maintain its unity up to 2004. In 2005, some members of PPME Amsterdam left the branch due to its decision rejecting their traditionalist rituals as part of those of its mosque. PPME’s encouragement for giving enabled its branches to provide, especially, infrastructural accommodations. It also created significant networks with Indonesian, Surinamese, Dutch, and Turkish organizations in the Netherlands whereas in Indonesia networks included a Salafi pesantren called Roisah, Jepara (2005-2010) because of the role of the Amsterdam branch. Thus, PPME is required for the existence of its members in the Dutch society and for their communication with other sides, including the Dutch government. Show less
