Background: Measures against COVID-19 in nursing homes affected not only clients but also staff. However, staff perspectives on the importance of these measures remain underexplored. Objective: To... Show moreBackground: Measures against COVID-19 in nursing homes affected not only clients but also staff. However, staff perspectives on the importance of these measures remain underexplored. Objective: To investigate measures related to staff during the COVID-19 pandemic, staff perspectives of important measures and the involvement of staff in deciding on these measures. Design: A qualitative study. Setting(s): We analysed minutes of nursing home outbreak teams in the Netherlands and conducted group meetings with Dutch nursing home staff in different positions, prioritizing measures and discussing staff' involvement in deciding on the measures. Participants were recruited purposefully. Participants: The minutes of 41 nursing home organizations were collected during March-November, 2020. Four group meetings were organized in the same period, each with 5 to 7 participants, resulting in 23 participants. Methods: The meeting minutes were analysed using qualitative content analysis, whereas reflexive thematic analysis was used for the group meeting data. The group meetings were conducted online and structured by the Nominal Group Technique to discuss the importance of measures for staff. Results: Measures implemented for staff focused on prevention of COVID-19 transmission, (suspension of) educational activities, testing, additional tasks and staffing capacity, promoting wellbeing, and other means of support. The implemented measures overlapped with the measures considered important by staff. In addition, staff considered measures on decision-making support and communication to be important. Staff prioritized the measures in the group meetings because they affected their well-being, workforce scheduling, decision-making, or infection prevention. Furthermore, the group meetings revealed that decision-making shifted from mainly implementing national measures to more context-adjusted decision-making in the staff's or clients' situations. Conclusions: We showed that although nursing home staff were not always involved in decisionmaking during the first COVID-19 wave, there was overlap between the measures implemented by the organizations and measures considered important by staff. We suggest that organizations Show less
The dissertation explores the complex interplay between financial scarcity and its psychological effects, shedding light on its impact on decision-making, avoidance behavior, and perceived control.... Show moreThe dissertation explores the complex interplay between financial scarcity and its psychological effects, shedding light on its impact on decision-making, avoidance behavior, and perceived control. Through a series of experiments, we found that financial scarcity increases temporal discounting, indicating a tendency to prioritize immediate gains over future outcomes. A longitudinal study revealed a reciprocal relationship over time between financial scarcity and avoidance behavior, hinting at the existence of a psychological poverty trap. Furthermore, an experiment demonstrated that financial scarcity increases the tendency to delay bill payments. However, evidence regarding attentional disengagement from financial stressors, assessed with an eye-tracker, remained inconclusive. A global survey spanning 51 societies confirmed the negative link between financial scarcity and perceived control, but also uncovered significant cross-cultural variations. Surprisingly, in societies with lower welfare provisions and institutional quality, the negative relationship between financial scarcity and control was weaker. Likewise, collectivist and traditional values seemed to buffer against the negative effect of financial scarcity on control. The dissertation informs about the psychological reality of dealing with problematic household finances and its consequences on decisions. Show less
This research delves into the decision-making processes within Brazilian energy governance, with a particular focus on its engagement with international climate change mitigation agreements. The... Show moreThis research delves into the decision-making processes within Brazilian energy governance, with a particular focus on its engagement with international climate change mitigation agreements. The recurrent utilization of power relations strategies in the nation's energy governance hinders the development of policies that facilitate an transition towards sustainable energy sources. The presence of monopolistic and oligopolistic practices, fuelled by crony capitalism and rent-seeking, not only shapes policy decisions but also enforces the adoption of established technologies. Furthermore, the exploration of behavioural dynamics in policymaking, as investigated through behavioural economics, sheds light on the fact that policymakers are influenced not solely by political, economic, and institutional challenges, but also by deeply ingrained personal behaviours. These behaviours wield significant influence over the decision-making processes and contribute to the prevailing inertia in the Brazilian energy sector. Brazil stands as the fifth-largest country in the world, the sixth most populous, the thirteenth highest emitter of greenhouse gases, and boasts 60 percent of the Amazon, the planet's largest forest, within its borders. These attributes position Brazil at the forefront of global climate governance efforts. An in-depth understanding and vigilant monitoring of the Brazilian context play a vital role in advancing worldwide initiatives to combat climate change. Show less
This thesis investigated the extent to which participation of school students in decision-making processes can be achieved, including through participatory action research (PAR) in teacher... Show moreThis thesis investigated the extent to which participation of school students in decision-making processes can be achieved, including through participatory action research (PAR) in teacher education. Data were collected from observations, research reports of pre-service teachers (PSTs) and interviews with PSTs and teacher educators. The aim was to enable students-teacher collaboration at an intensive level and have real influence on changes in teaching practice. The study found that some PST-projects exhibited the first stages of development towards this goal and that student participation was possible within limited time frames and contexts. School students were involved in designing and implementing the research projects, and they thereby contributed to changes in the content of their teaching and learning or in their circumstances. The study also highlighted the need for a higher level of student participation than just having a voice and being able to express opinions.The study developed a matrix for describing and designing participatory research practices (the SPinSTAR matrix), which distinguishes four levels of participation during different research phases. Furthermore, the study provided a set of principles for PAR that can provide more detailed insights into the participatory qualities of practices and the intertwined mechanisms that influence student participation. Show less
Akkermans, A.; Prins, S.; Spijkers, A.S.; Wagemans, J.; Labrie, N.H.M.; Willems, D.L.; ... ; Vos, M.A. de 2023
PurposeIn intensive care units (ICUs), decisions about the continuation or discontinuation of life-sustaining treatment (LST) are made on a daily basis. Professional guidelines recommend an open... Show morePurposeIn intensive care units (ICUs), decisions about the continuation or discontinuation of life-sustaining treatment (LST) are made on a daily basis. Professional guidelines recommend an open exchange of standpoints and underlying arguments between doctors and families to arrive at the most appropriate decision. Yet, it is still largely unknown how doctors and families argue in real-life conversations. This study aimed to (1) identify which arguments doctors and families use in support of standpoints to continue or discontinue LST, (2) investigate how doctors and families structure their arguments, and (3) explore how their argumentative practices unfold during conversations.MethodA qualitative inductive thematic analysis of 101 audio-recorded conversations between doctors and families.ResultsSeventy-one doctors and the families of 36 patients from the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU (respectively, N-ICU, P-ICU, and A-ICU) of a large university-based hospital participated. In almost all conversations, doctors were the first to argue and families followed, thereby either countering the doctor's line of argumentation or substantiating it. Arguments put forward by doctors and families fell under one of ten main types. The types of arguments presented by families largely overlapped with those presented by doctors. A real exchange of arguments occurred in a minority of conversations and was generally quite brief in the sense that not all possible arguments were presented and then discussed together.ConclusionThis study offers a detailed insight in the argumentation practices of doctors and families, which can help doctors to have a sharper eye for the arguments put forward by doctors and families and to offer room for true deliberation. Show less
Labrie, N.; Kunneman, M.; Veenendaal, N. van; Kempen, A. van; Vliet, L. van 2023
Objective: To develop valid and realistic manipulations for video-vignette research using expert opinion rounds, in preparation of an experimental study on clinicians' (un)reasonable argumentative... Show moreObjective: To develop valid and realistic manipulations for video-vignette research using expert opinion rounds, in preparation of an experimental study on clinicians' (un)reasonable argumentative support for treatment de-cisions in neonatal care. Methods: In three rounds, N = 37 participants (parents/clinicians/researchers) provided feedback on four video -vignette scripts and completed listing, ranking, and rating exercises to determine which (un)reasonable argu-ments clinicians may provide to support treatment decisions. Results: Round 1: participants deemed the scripts realistic. They judged that, on average, clinicians should provide two arguments for a treatment decision. They listed 13-20 reasonable arguments, depending on the script. Round 2: participants ranked the two most salient, reasonable arguments per script. Round 3: participants rated the most plausible, unreasonable arguments from a predefined list. These results guided the design of 12 experimental conditions. Conclusion: Expert opinion rounds are an effective method to develop video-vignettes that are theoretically sound and ecologically realistic and offer a powerful means to include stakeholders in experimental research design. Our study yielded some preliminary insights into what are considered prevalent (un)reasonable arguments for clinicians' treatment plans. Practice implications: We provide hands-on guidelines on involving stakeholders in the design of video-vignette experiments and the development of video-based health communication interventions - both for research and practice. Show less
International prosecutors are the gatekeepers to international criminal justice. They have the sole authority to prosecute people for the most serious crimes at international courts: genocide, war... Show moreInternational prosecutors are the gatekeepers to international criminal justice. They have the sole authority to prosecute people for the most serious crimes at international courts: genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Every day, they need to decide which situations to investigate; which crimes to charge; which witnesses to call; whether to negotiate pleas; and whether to appeal. Prosecutors make theses choices, and countless others, by exercising discretion. Discretion, this research argues, is the act of reaching a reasoned decision about the appropriate course of action to pursue. Discretion translates law from an abstract set of ideas and notions into practical action. How prosecutors exercise discretion shapes what international criminal justice is, how it develops, and what it does. What have international prosecutors considered when exercising discretion, and why?This research draws upon first-hand interviews with current and former senior prosecutors at the highest levels of international courts to explore the motivations and assumptions that drive the practice of prosecuting in international criminal justice. It argues that prosecutorial discretion is informed by the different role identities that prosecutors adopt towards the institutions, people, and concepts they encounter in their work. Specifically, it claims that prosecutors have been influenced by their roles as norm performers, builders, and guardians. This research concludes that adopting a relational understanding of the prosecutorial role, in which prosecutors are understood to have different roles within different relationships, allows a nuanced understanding of what international prosecutors do and explains why decisions are made. Show less
Bor, A.; Mazepus, H.; Bokemper, S.E.; DeScioli, P. 2021
This thesis consists of three empirical chapters that investigate elements of human social behavior, adherence to and violations of social norms, and the computational and neurological... Show moreThis thesis consists of three empirical chapters that investigate elements of human social behavior, adherence to and violations of social norms, and the computational and neurological underpinnings thereof. I focus on three behavioral paradigms in particular – the attacker-defender contest, the trust game, and the ultimatum game – which model asymmetrical conflicts, generosity and reciprocity, and norms of fairness, respectively. Ultimately, each chapter acts as a building block contributing a different perspective to the study of human sociality. Using economic games, computational models based on the principle of utility, and model-based neuroimaging, my research contributes to the scientific endeavor working to crack the “elaborate and secret code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all” (Sapir, 1927, p.137) Show less
Decisions regarding out-of-home placement of children are complicated and of high impact for children and parents. Previous studies show low agreement between professionals on these decisions, and... Show moreDecisions regarding out-of-home placement of children are complicated and of high impact for children and parents. Previous studies show low agreement between professionals on these decisions, and research regarding the influence of characteristics of decision-makers on the content of the decisions taken remains inconclusive. This study explored the relation between general and psychological characteristics of 144 professionals (child welfare professionals, children’s court judges, and master students) using vignettes and questionnaires. Professionals’ mind-set regarding the ability of parents to achieve change (parent-specific mind-set) and their attitude toward the harmfulness of out-of-home placements were related to their decision-making. General decision-maker factors (the professional’s background and work experience), the mind-set toward the ability of people in general to change (dispositional mind-set), and professionals’ attitude toward the effectiveness of out-of-home placements were not related to their decisions. This field of practice needs to reflect on the role of implicit beliefs in making placement decisions about children. Show less
The aim of this study is to investigate how regional government matters in designing ‘context-specific’ regional innovation policy. To that end, the study develops a Public Administration... Show moreThe aim of this study is to investigate how regional government matters in designing ‘context-specific’ regional innovation policy. To that end, the study develops a Public Administration framework to conceptualise the different roles theoretically and applies this framework to capture these roles empirically in six European regions. The study employs a descriptive, multiple-case study research method comparing six regions, three German and three British regions. Qualitative data have been gathered from an existing dataset through archival records research and documentation analysis. The assumption that regions endowed with regional autonomy are better at contextualized policy design is not confirmed in this study. Instead, among the six case studies a great variety of regional government roles was found irrespective of government system type, and all regions engaged in multiple roles throughout the policy process to succeed at designing their ‘context-specific’ regional innovation policy. Understanding how ‘context-specific’ regional innovation policy comes about requires a differentiated conceptualisation of the role of regional government. This is the overall conclusion of the study. The study generates new insights about ‘context-specific’ regional innovation policy and makes an important contribution to better understanding the role of regional government as a policy-making actor to develop such a policy. Show less
De overheid mag kinderen onder voorwaarden van hun vrijheid beroven met als doel ze op te voeden en te beschermen. In de Nederlandse context wordt deze vorm van vrijheidsberoving ‘gesloten... Show moreDe overheid mag kinderen onder voorwaarden van hun vrijheid beroven met als doel ze op te voeden en te beschermen. In de Nederlandse context wordt deze vorm van vrijheidsberoving ‘gesloten jeugdhulp’ genoemd, geregeld in de Jeugdwet. Met dit onderzoek is beoogd om een kinder- en mensenrechtentoetsingskader op te stellen, waaraan de Nederlandse wet en de toepassing getoetst wordt. Tevens biedt het onderzoek inzicht in 200 jaar historie.Verder zijn 586 rechterlijke uitspraken over een periode van 10 jaar (2008-2017) geanalyseerd. Hieruit blijkt dat een plaatsing vaak gebaseerd is op het inzetten van acute hulp in een situatie waar in niets anders mogelijk lijkt te zijn. Doorgaans wordt daarbij onvoldoende gekeken naar het doel van deze plaatsing en de vrijheidsbeperkingen die dit met zich meebrengt.In dit onderzoek komen ten slotte 23 kinderen aan het woord die te maken kregen met een gesloten uithuisplaatsing. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat de legitimiteit van het op grote schaal toepassen van deze maatregel onder druk staat, met name omdat het nogal eens ontbreekt aan passende zorg. Verschillende aanbevelingen worden gedaan om de legitimiteit te verbeteren, onder meer door middel van verdieping van het juridische toetsingskader, verkorting van de maximale duur van een plaatsing. Show less
To an increasingly greater degree, incidents and crises are dominating daily life. In this context, mayors are seen as the guardian of local society. As commander-in-chief of the municipal... Show more To an increasingly greater degree, incidents and crises are dominating daily life. In this context, mayors are seen as the guardian of local society. As commander-in-chief of the municipal crisis authority, with increasing frequency they are confronted with the extremely difficult task to manage crises effectively. Mayors are expected by many to display more leadership during crises than during normal day-to-day practice. This thesis describes research into antecedents, moderators, outcomes and contingencies of effective leadership behaviour during times of crisis, paying particular attention to the performance of mayors, as heads of local authority, in the Netherlands in their role of crisis manager. What determines the success of the leadership of mayors during crises; their personality, the leadership context (its possible variations), or both? It was demonstrated that agreeableness differs in relevance for autocratic and participative leadership behaviour of the mayor. The extent to which the leadership behaviour in question is effective, was shown to also be determined by the situation. Where an autocratic line of action is sometimes inevitable—when there is high time pressure, the effectiveness of participative leadership behaviour can be connected to different team processes, especially when the crisis situation is characterised by a high level of ambiguity. Show less
Increasingly, pleas are made for extending the involvement of minors in decision-making about participation in pediatric research. However, a number of issues arise from this desired... Show more Increasingly, pleas are made for extending the involvement of minors in decision-making about participation in pediatric research. However, a number of issues arise from this desired participation of minors. First, involvement in decision-making requires children and adolescents to be adequately informed about what participation in research entails. Second, the plea for increased involvement in decision-making requires further investigation whether children indeed can, should and want to play a role in the decision about research participation. This thesis addresses these issues and thereby contributes to insights in how to empower minors in the context of informed consent for research participation. New informed consent material was developed in close cooperation with children and other end-users, the process of which is described and evaluated. Also, insights in the role that minors can, should and want to play in the informed consent procedure are described. These insights were obtained by reviewing multidisciplinary scientific evidence on the competence of minors, by an ethical reflection on the view on children that we should adopt, and by consulting minors themselves about the perspectives on their role in decision-making. Finally, based on this research, recommendations are provided on how to empower minors in decision-making about research participation. Show less
When it comes to voting in parliament, party group unity is the rule rather than the exception in most (European) parliamentary democracies. But how do individual MPs come to their decision to vote... Show moreWhen it comes to voting in parliament, party group unity is the rule rather than the exception in most (European) parliamentary democracies. But how do individual MPs come to their decision to vote according to the party group line? This book introduces a theoretical model of MP decision making in which the main decision-making mechanisms, derived from the existing literature on the pathways to party group unity __ cue-taking, agreement, loyalty and obedience __, are placed in a particular sequential order. The three empirical studies in this book assess the relative role of each of the mechanisms, both independent and when possible as a part of the sequential model, in getting MPs to toe the party group line and contribute to party group unity, and explore whether this varies not only between parliaments (chapter 4), but also by levels of government (chapter 5), and through time (chapter 6). Show less
Bexkens, A.; Jansen, B.R.J.; Van der Molen, M.W.; Huizenga, H.M. 2016
Individuals who work in the public sector see themselves confronted with conflicting values, contradictory demands, and the need to serve an at times difficult to define __public interest__. This... Show moreIndividuals who work in the public sector see themselves confronted with conflicting values, contradictory demands, and the need to serve an at times difficult to define __public interest__. This book contributes to our understanding of what drives public service professionals__ decision-making in real-life dilemma situations by looking into the combined effect of public service motivation (PSM) and professionalism. Because there are persistent knowledge gaps about the meaning and behavioural consequences of these concepts when it comes to the context of dilemma situations, this book presents new approaches to the study of PSM and professionalism. Another important contribution of this study is related to the discussion about the stability of PSM. Several hypotheses and propositions are put to the test within a mixed-method research design based on data from research on Dutch veterinary inspectors. The results show that in order to clarify the meaning and behavioural consequences of PSM and professionalism in the context of dilemmas it is useful to combine our understanding of these two concepts with insights from identity theory. Mixed findings regarding the relationship between PSM and professionalism highlight our incomplete conceptual understanding of the topics studied, and call for future research that is sensitive to role perceptions. Show less
Consistentie in de straftoemeting bekeken vanuit een analyse van de constitutionele en institutionele context waarbinnen de strafbeslissing wordt genomen, alsmede een systenatische analyse van het... Show moreConsistentie in de straftoemeting bekeken vanuit een analyse van de constitutionele en institutionele context waarbinnen de strafbeslissing wordt genomen, alsmede een systenatische analyse van het wettelijk kader van de straftoemeting. In dat verband wordt een visie geboden op het straftoemetingsrecht en de wijze waarop die beslissing totstandkomt: de strafvorming. Show less
