The global developments have shown one thing clearly: there is a lack of guidance and clarity when it comes to using DDE in the courtroom. Due to the fast evolution of digital technology and the ... Show moreThe global developments have shown one thing clearly: there is a lack of guidance and clarity when it comes to using DDE in the courtroom. Due to the fast evolution of digital technology and the (often, by design) slow evolution of courts and tribunals, the treatment of DDE within and between national and international accountability fora suffers from an absence of uniformity at best, and a lack of any useful guidance at worst. The Leiden Guidelines on the Use of Digitally Derived Evidence in International Criminal Courts and Tribunals (“The Leiden Guidelines”) were created to address this legal lacuna by examining the various ways in which DDE has been treated in international criminal law. The Guidelines identify overarching standards of treatment, derived from the jurisprudence of international criminal courts and tribunals (“ICCTs”), that practitioners should consider when collecting and tendering DDE. Show less
The current body of law governing the conduct of police and prosecution during the investigative phase of criminal proceedings encompasses an enormous amount of rules. At the same time, a... Show moreThe current body of law governing the conduct of police and prosecution during the investigative phase of criminal proceedings encompasses an enormous amount of rules. At the same time, a restrained approach with regard to the judicial supervisory role of investigative propriety is visible in case law while it remains unclear whether and to which extent other institutions have a supervisory role in this respect. This research looks at the current system of supervision on police and prosecutorial conduct in the context of criminal law proceedings from the viewpoint of criminal law standard. After all, creating rules for the conduct of law enforcement entails a certain obligation to ensure rule-compliance. After illustrating the complexity of the current legal framework as well as the complexity of reasons underlying its norms, the study focuses on the supervision of the conduct of police and prosecution. Based on the specific characteristics of the current Dutch criminal procedural law, the study develops a framework for an adequate system of supervision. The study then describes how currently supervision on police and prosecutorial conduct is organised and finally evaluates this in light of the requirements of adequate supervision as set out in previous chapter. Show less
De uitdrukkelijke toevoeging van de categorieën geslachtskenmerken, genderidentiteit en genderexpressie aan de AWGB betekent volgens de initiatiefnemers een forse stap in het terugdringen van de... Show moreDe uitdrukkelijke toevoeging van de categorieën geslachtskenmerken, genderidentiteit en genderexpressie aan de AWGB betekent volgens de initiatiefnemers een forse stap in het terugdringen van de structurele achterstand van transgender en intersekse personen. Als we deze wetswijziging in een breder perspectief plaatsen, kunnen we ons echter afvragen of zij de gewenste emancipatie dichterbij brengt en of het in die zin verstandig is dat de wetgever – ook na de suggestie van de Raad van State – de strafrechtelijke optie van het uitbreiden van de gronden voor strafbare groepsbelediging links liet liggen. Show less
Het recht van de Europese Unie beïnvloedt direct en indirect de reikwijdte van strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid in Nederland. Die beïnvloeding heeft betekenis voor het materieelrechtelijk... Show moreHet recht van de Europese Unie beïnvloedt direct en indirect de reikwijdte van strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid in Nederland. Die beïnvloeding heeft betekenis voor het materieelrechtelijk legaliteitsbeginsel. In dit boek wordt onderzocht hoe het legaliteitsbeginsel invulling krijgt in de context van het meerlagige Europees strafrecht en wat de implicaties van die invulling zijn voor het waarborgen van rechtszekerheid en machtsverdeling. Het boek bevat daartoe een analyse van de jurisprudentie van het Hof van Justitie over de deelnormen van het legaliteitsbeginsel en van de verplichtingen voor de Europese en Nederlandse wetgever en rechter die het Hof van Justitie afleidt uit die deelnormen. In het licht daarvan wordt onderzocht op welke wijze de Nederlandse wetgever en rechter invulling geven aan het legaliteitsbeginsel in het Europees strafrecht. Show less
In our modern society we rely on information and communication technology for the spee, efficiency and security of many of our daily transactions and interactions. The use of these technologies... Show moreIn our modern society we rely on information and communication technology for the spee, efficiency and security of many of our daily transactions and interactions. The use of these technologies almost always entails the keeping of electronic records. These are of great interest to law enforcement and intelligence agencies since they can be used to profile and monitor (potential) suspects. While this can enhance the security of our society, it may also form a potential threat to privacy and (individual) liberty.Software agents are intelligent computer programs able to perform tasks without direct human supervision. As such, they have the potential to overcome the information overload. In this thesis the use of software agents for surveillance purposes is examined. The goal of the thesis is to determine wether the legal framework for the protection of privacy and liberty in both the Netherlands and the United States is still adequate in the light of agent-enabled surveillance. In particular, the thesis explores wether the right to privacy is still an adequate means of protecting (individual) liberty in a society where software agents are able to overcome the information overload. Show less
