The most prominent prosodic feature of tonal languages such as Standard Chinese is their use of pitch to distinguish lexical meanings (i.e., tone). However, speech ambiguity arises in Standard... Show moreThe most prominent prosodic feature of tonal languages such as Standard Chinese is their use of pitch to distinguish lexical meanings (i.e., tone). However, speech ambiguity arises in Standard Chinese because the same pitch contour can also cue another linguistic function (i.e., intonation) in the same linguistic system. As most Standard Chinese speakers also speak a local Chinese dialect, speech ambiguity can further arise when the same or similar pitch contours cue the same linguistic function (e.g., tone), but different categories of that function in two linguistic systems of a bi-dialectal speaker. This dissertation investigates how pitch is processed within a linguistic system (i.e., Standard Chinese) and across two linguistic systems (i.e., Standard Chinese and Xi’an Mandarin) when the same pitch contour cues different linguistic functions (i.e., tone and intonation) or different categories of the same linguistic function (i.e., tone). Show less
This thesis investigates the processing of words written in Japanese kanji and Chinese hànzì, i.e. logographic scripts. Special attention is given to the fact that the majority of Japanese kanji... Show moreThis thesis investigates the processing of words written in Japanese kanji and Chinese hànzì, i.e. logographic scripts. Special attention is given to the fact that the majority of Japanese kanji have multiple pronunciations (generally depending on the combination a kanji forms with other characters). First, using masked priming, it is established that upon presentation of a Japanese kanji multiple pronunciations are activated. In subsequent experiments using word naming with context pictures it is concluded that both Chinese hànzì and Japanese kanji are read out loud via a direct route from orthography to phonology. However, only Japanese kanji become susceptible to semantic or phonological context effects as a result of a cost due to the processing of multiple pronunciations. Finally, zooming in on the size of the articulatory planning unit in Japanese it is concluded that the mora as a phonological unit best complies with the observed data pattern and not the phoneme or the syllable. Show less
The main question that the research presented in this dissertation is focused on, is why compared to unrelated context words, related context words induce interference in basic level picture naming... Show moreThe main question that the research presented in this dissertation is focused on, is why compared to unrelated context words, related context words induce interference in basic level picture naming but facilitation in picture categorization (Glaser & Düngelhoff, 1984). It is argued that because related context words induce lexical interference compared to unrelated context words in both basic-level picture naming and category-level picture naming, another strongly facilitating semantic context effect must be present in the categorization task in order to account for the semantic facilitation that is observed in this task. This effect labeled “message congruency” was assumed to arise when the automatic processing of the context leads to the activation of the concept that is required for the verbal response. The proposed mechanism responsible for the message congruency effect is the co-activation of the sought-for concept by the message congruent context. In the model of word production that is proposed, a context word can induce semantic facilitation due to spreading of activation, facilitation due to message congruency and semantic interference in lexical selection. With this model, the polarity of the semantic context effect in various tasks can be explained. The main question that the research presented in this dissertation is focused on, is why compared to unrelated context words, related context words induce interference in basic level picture naming but facilitation in picture categorization (Glaser & Düngelhoff, 1984). It is argued that because related context words induce lexical interference compared to unrelated context words in both basic-level picture naming and category-level picture naming, another strongly facilitating semantic context effect must be present in the categorization task in order to account for the semantic facilitation that is observed in this task. This effect labeled “message congruency” was assumed to arise when the automatic processing of the context leads to the activation of the concept that is required for the verbal response. The proposed mechanism responsible for the message congruency effect is the co-activation of the sought-for concept by the message congruent context. In the model of word production that is proposed, a context word can induce semantic facilitation due to spreading of activation, facilitation due to message congruency and semantic interference in lexical selection. With this model, the polarity of the semantic context effect in various tasks can be explained. The main question that the research presented in this dissertation is focused on, is why compared to unrelated context words, related context words induce interference in basic level picture naming but facilitation in picture categorization (Glaser & Düngelhoff, 1984). It is argued that because related context words induce lexical interference compared to unrelated context words in both basic-level picture naming and category-level picture naming, another strongly facilitating semantic context effect must be present in the categorization task in order to account for the semantic facilitation that is observed in this task. This effect labeled “message congruency” was assumed to arise when the automatic processing of the context leads to the activation of the concept that is required for the verbal response. The proposed mechanism responsible for the message congruency effect is the co-activation of the sought-for concept by the message congruent context. In the model of word production that is proposed, a context word can induce semantic facilitation due to spreading of activation, facilitation due to message congruency and semantic interference in lexical selection. With this model, the polarity of the semantic context effect in various tasks can be explained. Show less
