A major challenge in the use of HepG2 cell culture models for drug toxicity screening is their lack of maturity in 2D culture. 3D culture in Matrigel promotes the formation of spheroids that... Show moreA major challenge in the use of HepG2 cell culture models for drug toxicity screening is their lack of maturity in 2D culture. 3D culture in Matrigel promotes the formation of spheroids that express liver-relevant markers, yet they still lack various primary hepatocyte functions. Therefore, alternative matrices where chemical composition and materials properties are controlled to steer maturation of HepG2 spheroids remain desired. Herein, a modular approach is taken based on a fully synthetic and minimalistic supramolecular matrix based on squaramide synthons outfitted with a cell-adhesive peptide, RGD for 3D HepG2 spheroid culture. Co-assemblies of RGD-functionalized squaramide-based and native monomers resulted in soft and self-recovering supramolecular hydrogels with a tunable RGD concentration. HepG2 spheroids are self-assembled and grown (≈150 µm) within the supramolecular hydrogels with high cell viability and differentiation over 21 days of culture. Importantly, significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of phase I and II metabolic enzymes, drug transporters, and liver markers are found for the squaramide hydrogels in comparison to Matrigel. Overall, the fully synthetic squaramide hydrogels are proven to be synthetically accessible and effective for HepG2 differentiation showcasing the potential of this supramolecular matrix to rival and replace naturally-derived materials classically used in high-throughput toxicity screening. Show less
A new type of tripodal squaramide-based supramolecular hydrogels is developed and studied. The mechanical properties of hydrogel with a wide stiffness range that can be easily modulated and also... Show moreA new type of tripodal squaramide-based supramolecular hydrogels is developed and studied. The mechanical properties of hydrogel with a wide stiffness range that can be easily modulated and also special and temporal controlled either by decorating with the activated group to offer additional chemical crosslinks or using hybrid hydrogel by incorporating the second network through light irradiation to overcome the weakness of traditional self-assembled supramolecular materials. Moreover, the designed synthetic hydrogel systems are biocompatible with several cell lines and have the potential to use as a 3D culture substrate. Show less
Photochemical ligation strategies in hydrogel materials are crucial to model spatiotemporal phenomena that occur in the natural extracellular matrix. We here describe the use of cyclic 1,2... Show morePhotochemical ligation strategies in hydrogel materials are crucial to model spatiotemporal phenomena that occur in the natural extracellular matrix. We here describe the use of cyclic 1,2-dithiolanes to cross-link with norbornene on linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers through UV irradiation in a rapid and byproduct-free manner, resulting in branched macromolecular architectures and hydrogel materials from low-viscosity precursor solutions. Oscillatory rheology and NMR data indicate the one-pot formation of thioether and disulfide cross-links. Spatial and temporal control of the hydrogel mechanical properties and functionality was demonstrated by oscillatory rheology and confocal microscopy. A cytocompatible response of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was observed within these materials, providing a foothold for further exploration of this photoactive cross-linking moiety in the biomedical field. Show less
