Wood anatomy is one of the most important methods for timber identification. However, training wood anatomy experts is time-consuming, while at the same time the number of senior wood anatomists... Show moreWood anatomy is one of the most important methods for timber identification. However, training wood anatomy experts is time-consuming, while at the same time the number of senior wood anatomists with broad taxonomic expertise is de- clining. Therefore, we want to explore how a more automated, computer-assisted approach can support accurate wood identification based on microscopic wood anatomy. For our exploratory research, we used an available image dataset that has been applied in several computer vision studies, consisting of 112 — mainly neotropical — tree species representing 20 images of transverse sections for each species. Our study aims to review existing computer vision methods and compare the success of species identification based on (1) several image classifiers based on manually adjusted texture features, and (2) a state-of-the-art approach for image classification based on deep learning, more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). In support of previous studies, a considerable increase of the correct identification is accomplished using deep learning, leading to an accuracy rate up to 95.6%. This remarkably high success rate highlights the fundamental potential of wood anatomy in species identification and motivates us to expand the existing database to an extensive, worldwide reference database with transverse and tangential microscopic images from the most traded timber species and their look-a-likes. This global reference database could serve as a valuable future tool for stakeholders involved in combatting illegal logging and would boost the societal value of wood anatomy along with its collections and experts. Show less
Three-dimensional reconstruction of tomograms from optical projection microscopy is confronted with several drawbacks. In this paper we employ iterative reconstruction algorithms to avoid streak... Show moreThree-dimensional reconstruction of tomograms from optical projection microscopy is confronted with several drawbacks. In this paper we employ iterative reconstruction algorithms to avoid streak artefacts in the reconstruction and explore possible ways to optimize two parameters of the algorithms, i.e., iteration number and initialization, in order to improve the reconstruction performance. As benchmarks for direct reconstruction evaluation in optical projection tomography are absent, we consider the assessment through the performance of the segmentation on the 3D reconstruction. In our explorative experiments we use the zebrafish model system which is a typical specimen for use in optical projection tomography system; and as such frequently used. In this manner data can be easily obtained from which a benchmark set can be built. For the segmentation approach we apply a two-dimensional U-net convolutional neural network because it is recognized to have a good performance in biomedical image segmentation. In order to prevent the training from getting stuck in local minima, a novel learning rate schema is proposed. This optimization achieves a lower training loss during the training process, as compared to an optimal constant learning rate. Our experiments demonstrate that the approach to the benchmarking of iterative reconstruction via results of segmentation is very useful. It contributes an important tool to the development of computational tools for optical projection tomography. Show less
To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of optical projection tomography (OPT) 3-D reconstruction, we present a fast post-processing pipeline, including cropping, background subtraction, center... Show moreTo improve the effectiveness and efficiency of optical projection tomography (OPT) 3-D reconstruction, we present a fast post-processing pipeline, including cropping, background subtraction, center of rotation (COR) correction, and 3-D reconstruction. Regarding to the COR correction, a novel algorithm based on interest point detection of sinogram is proposed by considering the principle of OPT imaging. Instead of locating the COR on single sinogram, we select equally spaced sinograms in the detected full range of specimen to make the located COR more convincing. The presented post-processing pipeline is implemented in a parallel manner and the experiments show that the average runtime for each image of size 1036 × 1360 × 400 pixels is less than 1 min. To quantify and compare the reconstructed results of different COR correction approaches, the coefficient of variation instead of variance is employed. The results indicate that the proposed COR correction outperforms the three traditional COR alignment approaches in terms of effectiveness and computational complexity. Show less
Feature selection in which most informative variables are selected for model generation is an important step in pattern recognition. Here, one often tries to optimize multiple criteria such as... Show moreFeature selection in which most informative variables are selected for model generation is an important step in pattern recognition. Here, one often tries to optimize multiple criteria such as discriminating power of the descriptor, performance of model and cardinality of a subset. In this paper we propose a fuzzy criterion in multi-objective unsupervised feature selection by applying the hybridized filter-wrapper approach (FC-MOFS). These formulations allow for an efficient way to pick features from a pool and to avoid misunderstanding of overlapping features via crisp clustered learning in a conventional multi-objective optimization procedure. Moreover, the optimization problem is solved by using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, type two (NSGA-II). The performance of the proposed approach is then examined on six benchmark datasets from multiple disciplines and different numbers of features. Systematic comparisons of the proposed method and representative non-fuzzified approaches are illustrated in this work. The experimental studies show a superior performance of the proposed approach in terms of accuracy and feasibility. Show less
