Parenting skills, such as Autonomy Support (AS), have been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the intergenerational contiguity of Executive Function (EF). However, few studies have... Show moreParenting skills, such as Autonomy Support (AS), have been proposed as a potential mechanism explaining the intergenerational contiguity of Executive Function (EF). However, few studies have focused on mothers and fathers among non-Western families. The current study investigated the role of maternal and paternal AS in the relation between parental EF and infant EF at 14 months of age among 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese first-time mothers and fathers and their infants. Multiple-group structural equation models were built for mothers and fathers separately with country as a grouping variable. Results showed that parental AS did not mediate the relation between parent EF and infant EF at 14 months. Mean-level differences were found in parental AS, maternal EF, and infant inhibition across countries, while no country differences were found in the relation between parent EF, AS and infant EF. Our findings suggested that individual differences in early EF may not be stable enough to be reliably predicted from parental factors across the Netherlands and China. Show less
In this study, generalized predictive models were developed to estimate KOA of four kinds of aromatic pollutants based on the calculated solvation free energy and taking the dimer effect into... Show moreIn this study, generalized predictive models were developed to estimate KOA of four kinds of aromatic pollutants based on the calculated solvation free energy and taking the dimer effect into account. Uncorrected log KOA values, which were directly estimated from the calculated solvation free energy of individual molecules, underestimated experimental values, and the deviation increased with increasing log KOA. Dimers were found to greatly affect the apparent KOA values of these aromatic pollutants, which were driven by π-π interactions. London dispersion and exchange-repulsion terms were identified to be dominant components of the underlying π-π interactions. It is interesting to find that the π-π interactions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers correlate with not only the molecular polarizability but also the size of opposing aromatic surfaces, which leads to a different trend of π-π interactions from other aromatic pollutants. A universal quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed to estimate the proportion of dimers based on five molecular structural descriptors relevant to the π-π interactions. After calibration with the dimer effect, estimations of log KOA were consistent with experimental values. Therefore, the dimer effect should be taken into consideration when investigating the partition behavior of aromatic pollutants, and the solvation free energy model could be an alternative method for the prediction of KOA. Show less
Guo, J.X.; Liu, B.; Thorikay, M.; Yu, M.M.; Li, X.Y.; Tong, Z.; ... ; Li, W. 2022
Heterozygous mutations in BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type II) cause pulmonary arterial hypertension. BMPRII is a receptor for over 15 BMP ligands, but why BMPR2 mutations... Show moreHeterozygous mutations in BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type II) cause pulmonary arterial hypertension. BMPRII is a receptor for over 15 BMP ligands, but why BMPR2 mutations cause lung-specific pathology is unknown. To elucidate the molecular basis of BMP:BMPRII interactions, we report crystal structures of binary and ternary BMPRII receptor complexes with BMP10, which contain an ensemble of seven different BMP10:BMPRII 1:1 complexes. BMPRII binds BMP10 at the knuckle epitope, with the A-loop and beta 4 strand making BMPRII-specific interactions. The BMPRII binding surface on BMP10 is dynamic, and the affinity is weaker in the ternary complex than in the binary complex. Hydrophobic core and A-loop interactions are important in BMPRII-mediated signalling. Our data reveal how BMPRII is a low affinity receptor, implying that forming a signalling complex requires high concentrations of BMPRII, hence mutations will impact on tissues with highest BMPR2 expression such as the lung vasculature.Mutations in BMPR2 is the major genetic cause for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here by solving crystal structures of BMPRII in binary and ternary receptor complexes with BMP10, the authors report the molecular recognition between BMPRII and BMP10, and its implication in PAH. Show less
Introduction: Cervical- and lumbosacral radiculopathy symptoms due to disc herniation are likely to be influenced by macrophage infiltration of the herniated disc. Vertebral endplate changes are... Show moreIntroduction: Cervical- and lumbosacral radiculopathy symptoms due to disc herniation are likely to be influenced by macrophage infiltration of the herniated disc. Vertebral endplate changes are hypothesized to, at least partially, correlate to the inflammatory condition of the disc and its environment.Research question: The present study aims to evaluate several immunohistochemical M1-and M2-markers for their suitability to discern pro-inflammatory M1-and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage differentiation patterns in herniated intervertebral disc tissue. In addition, their associations with Modic changes (MC) of the vertebral endplates will be evaluated.Materials and methods: Herniated disc samples were collected from 45 patients undergoing surgery for cervical- or lumbosacral radiculopathy. Samples were processed for immunohistochemistry and stained for the presence of macrophages: CD68 (macrophage marker), CD40 (M1), iNOS (M1), CD192 (M1), CD163 (M2), Arg1 (M2) and CD209 (M2). T-cells (CD3) and neutrophil (CD15) expressions were studied additionally.Results: CD68 positive cells were present with a median density of 50/cm2, M2 markers CD163 and CD209 were expressed most dominantly, followed by M1 marker CD192. Other M1/M2 markers, T-cell and neutrophil expression was limited. Lumbar samples showed higher expression of iNOS and Arg1 compared to cervical samples. Presence of Modic changes was associated with higher levels of CD68+ cells (p = 0.046), but no significant differences in M1/M2 markers were found.Discussion and conclusion: For studying M1 macrophages, CD192 is the most suitable marker due to its high expression; whereas for M2 macrophages, this is CD163 due to its high expression and selectivity. Further, the relatively high expression of M2 markers indicates predominance of anti-inflammatory over pro-inflammatory macrophages in symptomatic lumbar and cervical disc herniations. No associations between M1/M2 markers and MC were seen in this limited number of samples. In order to further explore the role of macrophage differentiation and its relation with MC in radiculopathy, a large prospective trial with elaborate clinical follow-up is required.Keywords: Cervical; Inflammation; Intervertebral disc herniation; Lumbar; M1; M2; Macrophage; Modic changes. Show less
Self-regulation refers to the ability to deliberately control one’s affect and behavior to meet certain standards such as customs, norms and social expectations, and to pursue long-term goals (Kopp... Show moreSelf-regulation refers to the ability to deliberately control one’s affect and behavior to meet certain standards such as customs, norms and social expectations, and to pursue long-term goals (Kopp, 1982). Problems with self-regulation can result in significant personal as well as social problems such as substance addiction (e.g., drugs, alcohol and cigarettes), health problems (e.g., obesity and eating disorders), violence and crime (e.g., Baumeister et al., 2015; Hirschi, 2004; Johnson et al., 2012). Self-regulation emerges in early infancy and increases dramatically in later infancy and toddlerhood. This process has been described as the development from external regulation depending on caregivers to independent self-regulation (Calkins, 2002). During this transition, both infant factors (e.g., infant attention) and social factors (e.g., parental behaviors) contribute to the development of self-regulation (e.g., Bernier et al., 2010; Miyake et al., 2000). As mother-infant and father-infant relationships provide different experiences for infants, the parental impact on self-regulation may also differ between mothers and fathers (e.g., Braungart‐Rieker et al., 1998; Feldman et al., 2003). Yet, most parenting and infant research has focused on mothers, whereas fathers – and other family members with a caregiving role – are rarely investigated. Moreover, empirical studies of parenting and infant development have largely been restricted to North America and Western Europe (e.g., Bornstein, 2015; Tomlinson et al., 2014). As some evidence shows that the association between parental behaviors and the process of infant development is dependent on country and the associated cultural context (e.g., Deater- Deckard et al., 2011; Landford et al., 2016), it is also important to carry out research in non-Western countries to understand the generalizability of theories built in Western contexts and primarily rooted in Western tradition to non-Western populations. China—a non-Western country—has the world’s largest population, with traditions of multigenerational co-residence (including grandparents). However, few empirical studies have focused on grandparenting, parenting and child development. The current dissertation longitudinally investigated the parental role in infant self-regulation during the first two years of life in the Netherlands and China, and also specifically focused on the role of grandparents in China. Show less
This dissertation combines two different analytical methods, use wear and ancient starch grain analysis, to investigate the uses of different types of grinding tools. The artefacts were recovered... Show moreThis dissertation combines two different analytical methods, use wear and ancient starch grain analysis, to investigate the uses of different types of grinding tools. The artefacts were recovered from two of the earliest Neolithic farming communities in the central plain of China. The research focuses on addressing four research issues regarding “correlation between tool type and function”, “choices of ancient food processing techniques”, “rice processing in the early rice agricultural societies”, and “foodways in different Neolithic communities”. The findings were published in four peer-reviewed academic articles (Chapter 2 to 5). The data attained regarding Neolithic culinary practices and different uses of grinding tools allows a more nuanced and broader consideration of ancient foodways in the research region. Chapter 6 consolidates the results from the study of archaeological grinding tools and previous research to discuss the foodways of the ancient Jiahu population. In Chapter 7, a comparison of foodways at Jiahu and other Peiligang Culture sites suggests the intangible cultural boundaries and interactions between these Neolithic communities. Overall, this dissertation highlights that Neolithic grinding tools played different roles in early farming societies, especially in food processing practices. Show less
In the central plain of China, grinding tools are a common category of artefacts at sites attributed to the Peiligang Culture (c. 9000-7000 BP). This paper focuses on the grinding tool assemblage... Show moreIn the central plain of China, grinding tools are a common category of artefacts at sites attributed to the Peiligang Culture (c. 9000-7000 BP). This paper focuses on the grinding tool assemblage from the site of Tanghu, the largest Peiligang Culture settlement yet discovered. The results from the microwear and residue analyses both suggest that cereals were the primary plant material processed with the grinding tools. Other plants, including acorns and underground storage organs, were also processed, but probably to a smaller extent. Furthermore, microwear analysis suggests that the dry-grinding technique was adopted for cereal processing, and a piece of hide or animal skin was placed underneath the grinding slabs to gather the processed plant material. Apart from plant food processing, one of the grinding tools was also involved in processing bone. These data put more insights into the Neolithic culinary practices and different uses of grinding tools in this region. Show less
Li, W.; Tsoraki, C.; Yang, Y.; Xin, Y.; Van Gijn, A. 2020
In the central plain of China, grinding tools are a common category of artefacts at sites attributed to the Peiligang Culture (c. 9000-7000 BP). This paper focuses on the grinding tool assemblage... Show moreIn the central plain of China, grinding tools are a common category of artefacts at sites attributed to the Peiligang Culture (c. 9000-7000 BP). This paper focuses on the grinding tool assemblage from the site of Tanghu, the largest Peiligang Culture settlement yet discovered. The results from the microwear and residue analyses both suggest that cereals were the primary plant material processed with the grinding tools. Other plants, including acorns and underground storage organs, were also processed, but probably to a smaller extent. Furthermore, microwear analysis suggests that the dry-grinding technique was adopted for cereal processing, and a piece of hide or animal skin was placed underneath the grinding slabs to gather the processed plant material. Apart from plant food processing, one of the grinding tools was also involved in processing bone. These data put more insights into the Neolithic culinary practices and different uses of grinding tools in this region. Show less
China is a major centre for rice domestication, where starch grain analysis has been widely applied to archaeological grinding tools to gain information about plant use by ancient Chinese societies... Show moreChina is a major centre for rice domestication, where starch grain analysis has been widely applied to archaeological grinding tools to gain information about plant use by ancient Chinese societies. However, few rice starch grains have been identified to date. To understand this apparent scarcity of starch grains from rice, dry- and wet-grinding experiments with stone tools were carried out on four types of cereals: rice (Oryza sativa L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results reveal that dry-grinding produces significant damage to starches to the point where they may be undetected in archaeological samples, while wet-grinding causes only slight morphological changes to the starch grains. Moreover, rice starch grains have the most substantial alterations from dry-grinding, possibly impeding their identification. These findings provide a possible means to explain the relative scarcity of rice starch grains recovered from archaeological grinding tools, which it is suggested was caused by the use of the dry-grinding technique. Therefore, it is suggested that rice starch grains have been likely underrepresented in the archaeological record, and previous interpretations of starch analyses need to be reconsidered. Show less
Most still‐face paradigm (SFP) studies have been done in Western families with infant–mother dyads. The present study investigated the SFP pattern in 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese 4‐month‐old infants... Show moreMost still‐face paradigm (SFP) studies have been done in Western families with infant–mother dyads. The present study investigated the SFP pattern in 123 Dutch and 63 Chinese 4‐month‐old infants with mothers and fathers. The classic SFP effect was found for positive affect and gaze in both countries. For negative affect, Chinese infants showed a different SFP pattern than Dutch infants. With fathers, in-fants displayed a less pronounced SFP pattern for positive affect and an increase from the still face to the reunion for negative affect. Only a minority of infants showed the ex-pected SFP pattern across episodes. Our findings support that infant emotion expression is influenced by parent gen-der and cultural context. An interesting avenue for further study is the exploration of the origins of within‐ and be-tween‐gender and culture differences in affective communi-cation between parents and infants. Show less
Early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) treatment during the acute period of infection can significantly limit the seeding of viral reservoirs and modify the course of disease. However,... Show moreEarly human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) treatment during the acute period of infection can significantly limit the seeding of viral reservoirs and modify the course of disease. However, while a number of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy as prophylaxis in macaques chronically infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), intriguingly, their inhibitory effects were largely attenuated in the acute period of SHIV infection. To investigate the mechanism for the disparate performance of bnAbs in different periods of SHIV infection, we used LSEVh-LS-F, a bispecific bnAb targeting the CD4 binding site and CD4-induced epitopes, as a representative bnAb and assessed its potential therapeutic benefit in controlling virus replication in acutely or chronically SHIV-infected macaques. We found that a single infusion of LSEVh-LS-F resulted in rapid decline of plasma viral loads to undetectable levels without emergence of viral resistance in the chronically infected macaques. In contrast, the inhibitory effect was robust but transient in the acutely infected macaques, despite the fact that all macaques had comparable plasma viral loads initially. Infusing multiple doses of LSEVh-LS-F did not extend its inhibitory duration. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of the infused LSEVh-LS-F in the acutely SHIV-infected macaques significantly differed from that in the uninfected or chronically infected macaques. Host SHIV-specific immune responses may play a role in the viremia-dependent pharmacokinetics. Our results highlight the correlation between the fast clearance of infused bnAbs and the treatment failure in the acute period of SHIV infection and may have important implications for the therapeutic use of bnAbs to treat acute HIV infections.IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no bnAb-based monotherapy that has been reported to clear the virus in the acute SHIV infection period. Since early HIV treatment is considered critical to restricting the establishment of viral reservoirs, investigation into the mechanism for treatment failure in acutely infected macaques would be important for the therapeutic use of bnAbs and eventually towards the functional cure of HIV/AIDS. Here we report the comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of a bnAb in acutely and chronically SHIV-infected macaques. This study revealed the correlation between the fast clearance of infused bnAbs and treatment failure during the acute period of infection. Show less
Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on... Show moreGlobal change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (< 10 y). In contrast, long-term (>= 10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously. Show less
Lawera, A.; Tong, Z.; Thorikay, M.; Redgrave, R.E.; Cai, J.; Dinther, M. van; ... ; Li, W. 2019
