De ‘Verdieping Bewaken en Beveiligen’ brengt verdieping aan op actuele gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen gerelateerd aan het stelsel Bewaken en Beveiligen. Deze Verdieping wordt aangeboden aan... Show moreDe ‘Verdieping Bewaken en Beveiligen’ brengt verdieping aan op actuele gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen gerelateerd aan het stelsel Bewaken en Beveiligen. Deze Verdieping wordt aangeboden aan experts die werkzaam zijn bij de stelselpartners en de ketenpartners van het stelsel. Daarnaast wordt dit product aangeboden aan geïnteresseerden in een bredere kring rond het stelsel, waaronder academici, journalisten en politici. Show less
Oratie uitgesproken door Prof.dr. Sanneke Kuipers bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van hoogleraar Crisis Governance aan de Universiteit van Leiden op vrijdag 21 april 2023
Identifier et expliquer les changements dans la structure des bureaucraties de l’État central et les déterminants de la survie des organisations publiques individuelles sont deux domaines de... Show moreIdentifier et expliquer les changements dans la structure des bureaucraties de l’État central et les déterminants de la survie des organisations publiques individuelles sont deux domaines de recherche étroitement liés dans l’administration publique. Nous cherchons à combler le fossé entre ces deux principaux courants d’études du changement organisationnel en présentant une nouvelle approche de la collecte de données sur l’historique des événements pour les organisations publiques. Nous avons développé ce cadre dans le cadre du projet « Structure et organisation des gouvernements », qui vise à cartographier l’ensemble des bureaucraties de l’État central dans trois pays d’Europe occidentale. Notre approche est suffisamment flexible pour décrire les macro-tendances des populations d’organisations du secteur public et pour expliquer ces tendances en analysant l’histoire des événements des organisations qu’elles comprennent. En plus de présenter notre cadre et la manière dont nous l’avons appliqué pour créer cet ensemble de données, nous présentons également quelques premières comparaisons transnationales de la répartition des types d’événements enregistrés, et soulignons les premiers résultats et les pistes prometteuses pour des recherches ultérieures. Show less
In this study, we examine how the two facets of the fear of terrorism—the affectiveand behavioural fears—shift over time. To this end, we use a unique longitudinal dataset of a representative... Show moreIn this study, we examine how the two facets of the fear of terrorism—the affectiveand behavioural fears—shift over time. To this end, we use a unique longitudinal dataset of a representative sample of 755 Dutch respondents, recruited from theLongitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel, in the time periodbetween November 2017 and May 2020. We find that the reported affective fear ofterrorism is significantly lower during the COVID‐19 crisis in 2020 than it was in2017. Yet a divergent trend for behavioural fear of terrorism occurred. In spite ofdecreased affective fear of terrorism threats, respondents in 2020 reportedincreased protective and avoidance behaviours, similar to behaviours promoted tostop the spread of COVID‐19. Show less
Policy crises often lead to “framing contests,” in which officeholders, opponents, media, and the public at large aim to interpret the crisis in question, explain its cause, attribute... Show morePolicy crises often lead to “framing contests,” in which officeholders, opponents, media, and the public at large aim to interpret the crisis in question, explain its cause, attribute responsibility, and agree on ways to address harm caused. More often than not, these contests turn into blame games for the incumbent officeholder. Formal and informal institutional factors can shape blame avoidance options of officeholders, and influence the outcomes of these crisis-induced blame games in terms of blame escalation, policy responses, and political sanctions.First, formal institutions shape officeholders’ incentives for arguing that they are not responsible for the crisis or should not be punished for its occurrence. Studies in the field of welfare state retrenchment and ministerial resignations have analyzed the blame avoidance options of governments and the survival rates of officeholders in various institutional settings. These studies have provided evidence that institutional complexity and policy-making authority help explaining pathways of blame management. In single-party governments, the accountability chain is more clear and prime ministers have a stronger electoral incentive to sack failing and unpopular ministers. However, a more restrictive interpretation of formal ministerial responsibility for administrative or implementation failures, along with the delegation of policy execution to agencies at arm’s length, can work as a protective shield in blame games for the officeholders and reinforce policy inertia. Consociational systems with multiparty coalitions often show an opposite effect.Second, institutionalized norms, also known as “the way we do things around here,” affect blame avoidance behavior available to officeholders. Studies which have taken “cultural-institutional” approaches to accountability studies have shown that informal accountability actors, fora, and norms about appropriate behavior shape blame processes. Actors in consociational systems with multiparty coalitions often consider consensus-oriented and nonconfrontational behavior, such as attempts to appease the opposition with policy reparations, as more appropriate responses to blame than those in systems with more elite polarization. In addition, officeholders are increasingly held to account by actors who solely have an informal role in blame games, such as the media and interest groups. Therefore, the extent of mediatization and increased polarization plays a major role in how different political contexts “process” blame.Third, other relevant noninstitutional factors for blame avoidance behavior are important, such as the nature and timing of the crisis and involvement of other actors in the blame game. Issue salience and proximity affect the potential for blame escalations and the options for blame management by both office holders and their opponents. Prior reputation of incumbent politicians helps them to draw on leadership capital to deflect blame. If the timing of a blame game coincides with upcoming elections, blame is more likely to escalate and lead to political sanctions.To further understanding of the role of institutional factors in crisis-induced blames games, future research should focus on blame games where institutions themselves are questioned, contested, or in-flux. Show less
While cyberspace has become central to all vital processes in our global economy and our social lives it also carries a wide variety of risks. Framing these risks is no easy feat: some lead to harm... Show moreWhile cyberspace has become central to all vital processes in our global economy and our social lives it also carries a wide variety of risks. Framing these risks is no easy feat: some lead to harm in cyberspace itself, while others lead to harm in the offline world as well. Moreover, sometimes harm is brought about intentionally, while at other times it may be the result of accidents. The ‘cyber harm model’ brings these challenges together, and provides us with an opportunity to get a comprehensive overview of the different types of incidents related to cyberspace. It also reveals where the biggest challenges for cyber crisis management lie and it provides us with a typology of different types of cyber crises that may arise. Cyber-induced crises have characteristics that make them hard to grapple with, for instance the fact that they can be induced remotely and instantaneously at multiple locations. Moreover, cyber crises are not always easily traceable, and sometimes it is difficult to see that the cause of a particular crisis in the offline world is an act in cyberspace. Finally, the borderless nature of cyberspace leads to potential large-scale geographical spread for cyber crises. Cyber crises also lead to a number of specific challenges for leadership, especially with respect to sense-making, meaning-making, decision-making, termination and learning. Show less
Kuipers, S.L.; Wilt, A.M. van der; Wolbers, J.J. 2022
Iconic events have traditionally instigated progression in the fields of crisis and disaster science. In the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the pressing question is how this global health emergency... Show moreIconic events have traditionally instigated progression in the fields of crisis and disaster science. In the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the pressing question is how this global health emergency impacted the research agendas of our field. We reviewed contributions in ten important crisis and disaster journals in the two and a half years following the COVID‐19 outbreak from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2022. Specifically, we conducted a bibliometric review using thematic mapping analysis to distill the major themes covered by the emerging COVID‐19 literature within crisis and disaster science (N = 239 articles). Our results indicate that several well‐known topics are applied to the COVID‐19 pandemic, such as risk, crisis communication, governance, resilience and vulnerability. The pandemic also gave rise to new topics, such as citizen behavior, state power, and the business and mental health impact of crisis measures. Several studies are already looking ahead by identifying lessons for preparedness and mitigation of future pandemics. By taking stock of the surge of COVID‐19 studies while this academic literature is still taking shape, this review sets the stage for future contributions to the crisis and disaster literatures. It provides valuable lessons for what topics are studied and what themes need more attention. The COVID‐19 pandemic is destined to become an iconic event for our literature that not only strengthens and deepens existing debates, but strengthens and deepens existing debates, but also clearly offers the opportunity to draw in new perspectives and broaden the horizon of crisis and disaster science. Show less
The field of crisis and disaster studies has proliferated over the past two decades. Attention is bound to grow further as the world negotiates the prolonged challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic. In... Show moreThe field of crisis and disaster studies has proliferated over the past two decades. Attention is bound to grow further as the world negotiates the prolonged challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this review, we provide an overview of the main foci, methods, and research designs employed in the crisis and disaster research fields in the period of 2001-2020. The review documents that the focus and methods used have not changed much over time. Single case studies and exploratory research prevail, the focus has shifted from preparedness to response, and methodological diversity is limited, but gradually increasing. Future challenges are to understand transboundary crisis management and creeping crises. Advancing the field calls for our community to put more effort in drawing lessons beyond the single case to uncover comparable and universal patterns that connect between events or phases, which help to theorize the multifaceted nature of crisis and disaster management. Show less
The field of crisis and disaster studies has proliferated over the past two decades. Attention is bound to grow further as the world negotiates the prolonged challenges of the Covid‐19 pandemic. In... Show moreThe field of crisis and disaster studies has proliferated over the past two decades. Attention is bound to grow further as the world negotiates the prolonged challenges of the Covid‐19 pandemic. In this review, we provide an overview of the main foci, methods, and research designs employed in the crisis and disaster research fields in the period of 2001–2020. The review documents that the focus and methods used have not changed much over time. Single case studies and exploratory research prevail, the focus has shifted from preparedness to response, and methodological diversity is limited, but gradually increasing. Future challenges are to understand transboundary crisis management and creeping crises. Advancing the field calls for our community to put more effort in drawing lessons beyond the single case to uncover comparable and universal patterns that connect between events or phases, which help to theorize the multifaceted nature of crisis and disaster management Show less
Online data breaches are recurrent and damaging cyber incidents for organizations worldwide. This study examines how organizations can effectively mitigate reputational damages in the aftermath of... Show moreOnline data breaches are recurrent and damaging cyber incidents for organizations worldwide. This study examines how organizations can effectively mitigate reputational damages in the aftermath of data breaches by hacking through situational crisis communication strategies. Comparable data breach crises do not have an equally negative impact on organizational reputation. Providing comprehensive and exhaustive guidelines, and detailed explanations about the incident to consumers helped to reduce the damage. Organizations that primarily relied on one single strategy, performed better than those that inconsistently blended strategies. Particularly denial was ultimately detrimental to organizational reputation. Self-disclosure allowed companies to positively influence media reporting. Social media communication did not play an important role in the response of the organizations involved. The consistent and timely adoption of compensation, apology and rectification strategies, combined with reinforcing strategies such as ingratiation and bolstering, positively influenced reputational recovery from the crisis. Show less
Online data breaches are recurrent and damaging cyber incidents for organizations worldwide. This study examines how organizations can effectively mitigate reputational damages in the aftermath of... Show moreOnline data breaches are recurrent and damaging cyber incidents for organizations worldwide. This study examines how organizations can effectively mitigate reputational damages in the aftermath of data breaches by hacking through situational crisis communication strategies. Comparable data breach crises do not have an equally negative impact on organizational reputation. Providing comprehensive and exhaustive guidelines, and detailed explanations about the incident to consumers helped to reduce the damage. Organizations that primarily relied on one single strategy, performed better than those that inconsistently blended strategies. Particularly denial was ultimately detrimental to organizational reputation. Self-disclosure allowed companies to positively influence media reporting. Social media communication did not play an important role in the response of the organizations involved. The consistent and timely adoption of compensation, apology and rectification strategies, combined with reinforcing strategies such as ingratiation and bolstering, positively influenced reputational recovery from the crisis. Show less
The structure and organisation of the machinery of government are key to the ambitions of political coalitions. When portfolio allocation and agencification are a function of political choice,... Show moreThe structure and organisation of the machinery of government are key to the ambitions of political coalitions. When portfolio allocation and agencification are a function of political choice, political volatility should also affect the internal structure of government administrations. This study tests the effects of political turnover of individual ministers and of the political ideology of coalitions on a dataset of intra-ministerial changes in Dutch ministries between 1980 and 2014. Findings indicate that the turnover of political heads of departments and the shifts in policy preferences between successive coalitions indeed affects the internal structure of ministerial departments. Political variables have a strong impact, particularly changes in the left–right position of the government. A clear pattern for how precisely politics affect the structural design of public organisations remains absent, in spite of the robustness of the findings. Most ministries experience significant effect of executive turnover, sometimes increasing the hazards of intra-organisational transitions and sometimes increasing stability. It turns out that ministers can substantially re-arrange their organisations in line with their policy preferences but do not necessarily do so. Sometimes the effect of liberal ideology dominates, sometimes the effect of the policy preferences with respect to a specific domain prevails. Show less
The structure and organisation of the machinery of government is key to theambitions of political coalitions. When portfolio allocation and agencificationare a function of political choice,... Show moreThe structure and organisation of the machinery of government is key to theambitions of political coalitions. When portfolio allocation and agencificationare a function of political choice, political volatility should also affect internalstructure of government administrations. This study tests the effects of politicalturnover of individual ministers and of the political ideology of coalitionson a dataset of intra-ministerial changes in Dutch ministries between 1980and 2014. Findings indicate that the turnover of political heads of departmentsand the shifts in policy preferences between successive coalitionsindeed affects the internal structure of ministerial departments. Political variableshave a strong impact, particularly changes in the left–right position ofthe government. A clear pattern for how precisely politics affect the structuraldesign of public organisations remains absent, in spite of the robustness ofthe findings. Most ministries experience significant effect of executive turnover,sometimes increasing the hazards of intra-organisational transitions andsometimes increasing stability. It turns out that ministers can substantially rearrangetheir organisations in line with their policy preferences but do notnecessarily do so. Sometimes the effect of liberal ideology dominates, sometimesthe effect of the policy preferences with respect to a specificdomain prevails. Show less
Relevant safety issues are associated with hazardous materials transportation, especially when transport routes cross populated areas. On March 6th, 2015, a passenger train collided with the last... Show moreRelevant safety issues are associated with hazardous materials transportation, especially when transport routes cross populated areas. On March 6th, 2015, a passenger train collided with the last rail car of a freight train in Tilburg, the Netherlands. The last car contained 50 t of liquefied 1,3-butadiene. As a result of the collision, the last car showed deformation; a small leakage occurred but fortunately with no relevant consequences. However, extremely severe consequences could have happened, such as in the rail accident that occurred in Viareggio, Italy in 2009. In this work, the case of Tilburg was firstly outlined and explored by qualitative methods, in order to identify possible realistic final scenarios that could have happened. Second, the potential consequences of the identified scenarios were estimated through conventional integral model for physical effects evaluation. Comparison with the Viareggio case was also shown in order to support the discussion of the results obtained. Finally, lessons learned after the incident, policy making considerations, and indications for the risk mitigation of hazardous materials transportation are given. Show less
The post-crisis accountability process is a purification ritual that serves to channel public emotions and enables re-equilibration after a severe disturbance of the sociopolitical order. Crisis... Show moreThe post-crisis accountability process is a purification ritual that serves to channel public emotions and enables re-equilibration after a severe disturbance of the sociopolitical order. Crisis accountability literature can be reviewed in terms of forums, actors, and consequences. This setup allows a systematic discussion of how crises impact: the accountability process in influencing its setting (the forum); the strategies of accountees and their opponents (actors); and the resulting outcomes in terms of reputation damage, sanctions, and restoration (consequences). There is a clear distinction between formal and informal accountability forums, with the media being almost exclusively informal, and judicial forums, accident investigators, and political inquiries having formal authority over accountability assessments. Yet, through the presence of formal authorities in media reporting, and because media frames influence the work of formal authorities, the different forums intensively interact in accountability processes. Looking at accountability strategies reveals that the number of actors involved in blame games is likely rising because of increasingly networked crisis responses, and the role of actors has become more important and personal in the crisis aftermath and accountability process. The consequences and success of individual actors in influencing the accountability outcomes is shaped by both institutional settings and individual skills and strategies. A current political power position that exceeds prior mistakes is an effective shield, and denial is the least effective though most commonly used strategy. Accountability processes remain a balancing act between rebuttal and repair. Yet after major crisis, renewal is possible, and post-crisis accountability can play a crucial role therein. Show less
Kuipers, S.L.; Grieken, B.J. van; Asselt, M.B.A. van 2018
This review article maps the shifts and trends in the risk literature regarding particular risk types across the past 30þ years. Not only does it address which hazards and risks receive scholarly... Show moreThis review article maps the shifts and trends in the risk literature regarding particular risk types across the past 30þ years. Not only does it address which hazards and risks receive scholarly attention, but also from which perspective. A similar review on crisis literature (Kuipers & Welsh, 2017) reported that on average only 14 percent of the articles in three crisis and disaster journals pertained explicitly to risk research. Does risk research perhaps pay more attention to crises than the other way around? Our multivariate regression analysis of the different types and themes reveals how some risk types are researched and discussed almost exclusively from a particular angle. Also, the large majority of articles from some perspectives only take a limited variety of risks into account. Mapping risk research indicates not only which topics and themes have received increasing or structural attention but also which ones, or which combination of risk types and perspectives, perhaps deserve more study than they currently receive. Show less
