Leprosy has been described in Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris; ERS) carcasses since 2014. Studies of ERS carcasses have not provided information about incubation or disease progression in... Show moreLeprosy has been described in Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris; ERS) carcasses since 2014. Studies of ERS carcasses have not provided information about incubation or disease progression in this host but have provided important insights into pathogen presence and distribution throughout the United Kingdom. Here we present field study data on 31 live ERS from an island population naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae that were assessed longitudinally over a 2-yr time period. Clinical assessment, serologic (anti-phenolic glycolipid-I antibody [alpha PGL-I] detection) and molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction) were used to diagnose and categorize ERS at each assessment as a leprosy case, a leprosy suspect, colonized by M. leprae, or a contact ERS. Eight ERS (25.8%) were identified as leprosy cases: four at initial assessment, two at 6 mon and two at 24 mon after initial assessment. One ERS was categorized a leprosy suspect when it developed typical lesions 12 mon after initial assessment, despite negative serologic and molecular test results at this time, though M. leprae DNA had been isolated during the initial assessment. Seven ERS (22.6%) were categorized as colonized and of these, six were reassessed but did not develop clinical signs of leprosy within 6 (n = 2), 12 (n = 3), and 18 (n = 1) mon. Most (48.4%, n = 15) were categorized as contact ERS. Progression of leprosy lesions varied between ERS, but always increased in severity over time and was paralleled with increased antibody response. Based on our dataset, we propose the hypotheses: 1) leprosy in ERS is a chronic, slowly progressing disease in this species, similar to that described for other hosts; 2) lesions can undergo repeated ulceration-healing cycles; and 3) in some instances M. leprae DNA and alpha PGL-I antibodies are detectable before the onset of clinical signs of disease. Future studies addressing the progression of leprosy in ERS should follow affected animals over a longer time period and include tissue samples to pair molecular diagnostics with serologic results. Show less
The presence of Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Mycobacterium leprae in Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgar's, ERS) carcasses throughout the British Isles, and leprosy as a disease, have recently... Show moreThe presence of Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Mycobacterium leprae in Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgar's, ERS) carcasses throughout the British Isles, and leprosy as a disease, have recently been reported using histological and molecular diagnostic methods. In 2016, the first longitudinal study of ERS affected by leprosy was initiated. One of the main challenges was the reliable diagnosis of leprosy in live ERS, which is important for (a) welfare and case management and (b) surveillance or pretranslocation screening efforts. We explored diagnostic methods ranging from detailed clinical assessment and informative categorization of observed lesions, thermal imaging, serology (antiphenolic glycolipid-I antibody [alpha PGL-I] detection) to molecular methods (polymerase chain reaction [PCR). For PCR the ear was established as the optimal sampling site. Based on the experiences from this 2-yr study we propose an objective categorization system for clinical lesions and a diagnostic framework for the combination of the diagnostic tools we found to be effective in live ERS: clinical assessment, alpha PGL-I serology, and PCR. Thermal imaging did not offer additional information for leprosy diagnostics in ERS. We propose an amended definition of leprosy lesions in ERS as "skin areas of local hair loss, in which a firm-rubbery, glossy swelling develops, that may ulcerate" and standardized terminology for describing ERS leprosy status. The information presented forms the basis of a consistent, reliable diagnostic and reporting system for leprosy cases in ERS. Show less
Schilling, A.K.; Hooij, A. van; Corstjens, P.; Lurz, P.W.W.; DelPozo, J.; Stevenson, K.; ... ; Geluk, A. 2019
