Citizenship is a difficult concept to apply to non-Western societies.The idea of citizenship has its origins in Ancient Athens and Republican Rome, its modern form having been shaped by the French... Show moreCitizenship is a difficult concept to apply to non-Western societies.The idea of citizenship has its origins in Ancient Athens and Republican Rome, its modern form having been shaped by the French Revolution and the nationalisms of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe. Yet the idea of a social contract between membersof a society and their leaders is also found in non-Western societies. The notion of integrated rights and duties of free individualshas existed for centuries among the Bugis and Makasar peoplesof South Sulawesi, Indonesia. In this paper, concepts and practices developed by the Bugis and Makasar are compared against ClassicalGreek and Roman citizenship, and the status of Bugis women is briefly examined. In conclusion, it is argued that an important contractual principle that has its origins in patron-client relations was fundamental to the foundation of the South Sulawesi states and to their economic and social well-being. Show less
This article focuses on the post-colonial catch-up by Southeast Asian nations with developed countries. The article offers an analysis of the nature and causes of the middle income trap in... Show moreThis article focuses on the post-colonial catch-up by Southeast Asian nations with developed countries. The article offers an analysis of the nature and causes of the middle income trap in Southeast Asia. It discusses various interpretations of this concept, concluding with the dichotomy between laissez-faire and interventionist development strategies. Empirical evidence is provided from the automotive industry in Malaysia and Thailand. Two rival explanations of the lack of strong interventionist policies in Southeast Asia are given, one stressing the weakness of political pressure on national governments, the other linked up with historical patterns of ethnic specialization and division. The argument draws on secondary sources and reflects on implications for the study of Indonesian economic history in the colonial era. Show less
