Svante Pääbo won in 2022 de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde voor zijn werk op het gebied van ‘ancient DNA’ (aDNA). Hij is de grondlegger van het onderzoek naar DNA uit het verleden,... Show moreSvante Pääbo won in 2022 de Nobelprijs voor Fysiologie of Geneeskunde voor zijn werk op het gebied van ‘ancient DNA’ (aDNA). Hij is de grondlegger van het onderzoek naar DNA uit het verleden, eerst met heel jonge resten, zoals een Egyptische mummie, maar sinds de jaren ’90 van de twintigste eeuw legt hij zich toe op resten van grotere ouderdom, zoals het DNA van Neanderthalers. Zijn werk zorgt voor een ware revolutie in onze kennis van het verleden. Door de analyse van aDNA blijkt dat verschillende mensensoorten regelmatig genetisch materiaal uitwisselden. Met behulp van aDNA is een nieuwe mensen- soort ontdekt, de Denisovanen, waarvan anatomisch alleen maar niet informatieve botten bekend zijn. Bovenal geeft paleogenetische analyse een beeld van het sociale leven in het verleden. Zo kun je niet alleen bestuderen in hoeverre mensen in megalieten zoals hunebedden familie van elkaar waren, maar ook hoe de sociale organisatie van Neanderthalers in elkaar stak. Door archeologische en genetische gegevens te combineren is ons begrip van de sociale geschiedenis van Homo sapiens en van andere mensensoorten ongekend veel rijker geworden. Show less
A destructive force across entire landscapes, mining at times threatens the preservation of priceless archaeological sites across southern Africa. The UNESCO World Heritage site of the Mapungubwe... Show moreA destructive force across entire landscapes, mining at times threatens the preservation of priceless archaeological sites across southern Africa. The UNESCO World Heritage site of the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape is one of the recent legal battlegrounds pitting the interests of the natural world and archaeological heritage against mining. Mineral resource extraction carries within its destruction creative potential too. In southern Africa mining has been instrumental in illuminating human history and in the creation of archaeological landmarks.The relationship between archaeology and mining is a complex one. The gold industry and associated lime-mining has specifically been instrumental in the development of palaeoanthropology in South Africa (Bonner 2007). With the discovery of gold, lime was required for the desulfurization process. This was obtained locally and many lime works were exploited during the 1890s (Esterhuysen 2019). The miners drew attention to fossils found within the deposits leading to the discovery of hominins at Taung, Makapan and Sterkfontein in the early 20th century. Mining may thus be seen as crucial to the genesis of the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage site in South Africa. Similarly guano, zinc and vanadium mining have yielded important palaeoanthropological finds in southern Africa.In the 19th and early 20th century, scientific focus was on discovering unknown objects. In this context, the efficient removal of great quantities of overburden was a great asset. With increasing scientific rigour in the 20th century, archaeological focus shifts from objects to their interrelationships and their context. The documentation of finds and find contexts requires time that is not available in the context of industrial resource extraction. Fruitful collaboration now becomes more difficult. As the early lime works closed down in the first half of the 20th century, archaeologists were free to continue work at a comparative snail’s pace but yielding far greater insight in the human past.In active mining operations, collaboration is difficult. While mining still exposes valuable sites and materials that would otherwise be inaccessible, this is of limited value in current archaeological practice. Current ethical standards emphasise in situ preservation of archaeological remains over excavation. When finds are documented, the time-pressure from mining companies makes these situations ambiguous in value. Examples are the discovery of Pleistocene shell middens after their partial destruction, or the recovery of lithic materials from conveyor belts in diamond plants.In the late 20th century and 21st century, the discipline of archaeology has been included in legal frameworks on environmental planning. Archaeological contractors conduct Heritage impact assessments and advise on mitigation measures for large-scale environmental projects such as mining operation and the building of large dams of infrastructure works.Highlighting human history was an unintended consequence for large mining operations. Yet both on a grand level, the activity of mining, as well as on a personal level, the activities of miners and foremen have played a crucial role in uncovering ancient humans and their world in southern Africa. I argue that the insights produced as a result of early resource extraction are one (albeit often minor) consideration in the network of values, stakeholders and resources that embed mining operations in society. Show less
