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Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. 2020

The importance of categorization of nanomaterials for environmental risk assessment

Research paper

open access

Pentney, K.; McGonagle, T.E. 2020

The Opportunities and Challenges of Addressing Hate Speech with Artificial Intelligence [Submission to the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media #SAIFE Public Consultation]

Research paper

open access

This paper is a submission to the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media’s #SAIFE Public Consultation (2020). It examines the complex relationship between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and hate speech: how AI can be used to create and disseminate – but also to detect and curb – hate speech. This complex relationship is one of the main areas of concern in the #SAIFE project. This submission explores a range of opportunities and challenges concerning the interplay between free speech, hate speech and AI. In particular, it explores three challenges and opportunities which require further study and reflection:

the differentiated roles and responsibilities of State and private actors in a broader, human rights-driven and multi-stakeholder approach;
the need for non-discriminatory policies and practices in the design and implementation of measures to block/remove hate speech; and
the broader effects on public debate where AI is used to moderate and censor expression.

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Groff, M.; Larik, J. 2020

Strengthening the Rules-Based Global Order: The Case for an International Rule of Law Package

Research paper

open access

A key strategic measure of the international community needed over the next decade is the enhancement of the international rule of law in order to reinforce multilateralism and enhance global... Show moreA key strategic measure of the international community needed over the next decade is the enhancement of the international rule of law in order to reinforce multilateralism and enhance global governance capabilities. A project to significantly upgrade the existing international legal architecture should be launched upon the occasion of the UN’s 75th anniversary, making good on core UN Charter and related international commitments. In this paper, we propose an ambitious, yet realizable “International Rule of Law Package” of reforms meant to substantially enhance the integrity of the international governance system. Key international justice institutions the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, and the UN’s Human Rights architecture should be strengthened in terms of both their jurisdiction and effectiveness. In addition, the UN75 anniversary represents an opportunity to pave the way for new bodies to fill existing institutional gaps. Hence, we support the creation of an international anti-corruption court as well as an international judicial training institute to ensure the requisite capacity, skills, and knowledge across international courts. The international community, on this historic occasion, should begin focused discussion on such an international rule of law reform package with the goal of modernizing and making more robust and legitimate the core international governance architecture, fit for the range of global challenges it now confronts. Show less

Canfield, M.C. 2020

From Colonialism to Collaboration: Disputing Biofuels in the Age of the Anthropocene.

Research paper

open access

Haas, H. de; Fransen, S.; Natter, K.; Schewel, K.; Vezzoli, S. 2020

Social transformation

Research paper

open access

Over centuries past, human societies have been through fundamental changes often defined as ‘modernisation’. Despite huge advances in knowledge, social science has struggled to conceptualise the... Show moreOver centuries past, human societies have been through fundamental changes often defined as ‘modernisation’. Despite huge advances in knowledge, social science has struggled to conceptualise the nature of these changes and to integrate insights from across different disciplines into a single framework. Disciplinary fragmentation and methodological parochialism as well as a postmodern aversion to ‘grand theory’ have impeded theoretical synthesis. To overcome this impasse, we introduce social transformation as a meta-theoretical conceptual framework for studying ‘big change’. Defining social transformation as a fundamental change in the way that societies are organised and resources are distributed, we distinguish five interconnected dimensions – the political, the economic, the technological, the demographic and the cultural – which together constitute the ‘social realm’. Studied simultaneously, these dimensions are able to capture ‘big change’ in its universal aspects while keeping sight of the diversity of its concrete manifestations. We apply this framework to explore how the ‘modern transformation’ has reshaped societies and to show how the interplay of the various political, economic, technological, demographic and cultural transitions have transformed social life around the globe in strikingly similar ways – notwithstanding the varied, unique ways in which this ‘modern transformation’ has concretely manifested itself across societies and over different periods. Show less

Kusumawardhani, H.; Hosseini, R.; Winde, J.H. de 2020

Comparative analysis reveals the modular functional build-up of megaplasmid pTTS12 of Pseudomonas putida S12: a paradigm for transferable traits, plasmid stability and inheritance?

Research paper

open access

Westeneng, J.; Reis, R.; Berkmoes, L.H. 2020

The effectiveness of sexual and reproductive health education in Burundi: policy brief

Research paper

open access

Broeders D.W.J., Busser E. de, Pawlak P. 2020

Three tales of attribution in cyberspace: criminal law, international law and policy debates

Research paper

open access

Kononova, A.V.; Caraffini, F.; Wang, H.; Bäck, T.H.W. 2020

Can Single Solution Optimisation Methods Be Structurally Biased?

Research paper

open access

This paper investigates whether optimisation methods with the population made up of one solution can suffer from structural bias just like their multisolution variants. Following recent results... Show moreThis paper investigates whether optimisation methods with the population made up of one solution can suffer from structural bias just like their multisolution variants. Following recent results highlighting the importance of choice of strategy for handling solutions generated outside the domain, a selection of single solution methods are considered in conjunction with several such strategies. Obtained results are tested for the presence of structural bias by means of a traditional approach from literature and a newly proposed here statistical approach. These two tests are demonstrated to be not fully consistent. All tested methods are found to be structurally biased with at least one of the tested strategies. Confirming results for multisolution methods, it is such strategy that is shown to control the emergence of structural bias in single solution methods. Some of the tested methods exhibit a kind of structural bias that has not been observed before. Show less

Natter, K. 2020

Maghreb – Migration Patterns and Policies between the Sahara and the Mediterranean

Research paper

open access

Larik, J.E. 2020

Boosting the Reach and Resilience of International Justice Institutions

Research paper

open access

RECOMMENDATION: Increase the universal acceptance of international justice institutions, in particular the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Moreover,... Show moreRECOMMENDATION: Increase the universal acceptance of international justice institutions, in particular the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Moreover, increase their enforcement powers, preserve their independence, and enhance their resilience against political pressures. Show less

Akkermans, J.; Bakker, A.; Gevers, J.M.P.; Hessels, D.; Kwint, J.; Nauta, A.; ... ; Wawoe, K. 2020

Balanceren in coronatijd: handvatten voor effectief leiderschap tijdens COVID-19 en daarna

Research paper

open access

Als er iets is dat organisaties uit balans heeft gebracht, dan is het wel de coronacrisis. Sommige veranderingen hopen we na de crisis zo snel mogelijk te beëindigen, andere blijken een verbetering... Show moreAls er iets is dat organisaties uit balans heeft gebracht, dan is het wel de coronacrisis. Sommige veranderingen hopen we na de crisis zo snel mogelijk te beëindigen, andere blijken een verbetering. De verschillen voor organisaties, leidinggevenden en werknemers zijn bovendien enorm. De ene organisatie moest tijdens COVID-19 geheel sluiten, de andere kon nog openblijven in aangepaste vorm of zag zelfs de omzet toenemen. We zullen ons moeten blijven aanpassen. Coronamaatregelen veranderen nog steeds en het voor velen verplichte en voortdurende thuiswerken bevalt niet iedereen. Tegelijkertijd is de kans dat we helemaal teruggaan naar de situatie voor de coronacrisis klein. Vaker thuiswerken, digitaal samenwerken en meer je eigen tijd indelen blijven vermoedelijk ook in de toekomst een belangrijke rol spelen. Dit biedt kansen. Vrijwel niemand wil terug naar de 9-tot-5-kantoorbaan en ‘s ochtend en ’s avonds in de file staan. Juist in een crisissituatie is het makkelijker om verouderde en niet-werkende aanpakken los te laten en nieuwe, positieve ontwikkelingen versneld door te voeren. Grijp daarom juist deze periode aan voor positieve verandering. In deze paper vind je handvatten voor leidinggevenden gebaseerd op wetenschappelijke kennis en ervaringen uit de praktijk. We stippen vijf belangrijke thema’s aan waar leidinggevenden mee te maken hebben: Contact houden, Waarderen, Mensgericht leidinggeven, Gezond werken en Investeren in ontwikkeling. Binnen elk thema spelen tegengestelde belangen. Het is aan de leidinggevende om hierin een balans te vinden. Show less

Smits J., Permanyer I., Wildeman J., Dietz A.J. 2020

Subnational Human Development Index (SHDI) of Africa

Research paper

open access

Dietz, A.J. 2020

St Helena

Research paper

open access

Both J.C., Mouguia M.C., Bruijn M.E. de 2020

Slaves, virgin concubines, eunuchs, gun-boys, community defenders, child soldiers: the historical enlistment and use of children by armed groups in the Central African Republic

Research paper

open access

Leeuwen, C. van; Podareanu, D.; Codreanu, V.; Cai, M.X.; Berg, A.; Portegies Zwart, S.F.; ... ; Bonvin, A.M.J.J. 2020

Deep-learning enhancement of large scale numerical simulations

Research paper

open access

Barr, A.; Dekker, M.; Mwansa, F.; Zuze, T.L. 2020

Financial decision-making, gender and social norms in Zambia: preliminary report on the quantitative data generation, analysis and results

Research paper

open access

This document presents the preliminary findings from the quantitative data generation and analysisconducted as part of the project “Financial decision-making, gender and social norms in Zambia”... Show moreThis document presents the preliminary findings from the quantitative data generation and analysisconducted as part of the project “Financial decision-making, gender and social norms in Zambia”.Using a series of specially designed behavioural experiments,we generated an extensive set of insightsinto the normative environment within which spouses in Eastern Province, Zambia, make decisionsabout individual money holding and saving. Here are some of those insights. Spouses in EasternProvince, Zambia, are willing to compromise household-level earnings in order to maintain individualcontrol over money. Wives, but not husbands, are more likely to compromise household-levelearnings in order tomaintain individual control overmoney, when they can keep thatmoney and theiractions hidden from their spouses. Individually-held behavioural prescriptions, i.e., the “shoulds” and“oughts” that individuals have in mind and reference as guides for their own behaviour and asbenchmarks against which to evaluate others’ behaviour, inform decision-making about maintainingindividual control over money at a cost to the household. Further, when individuals know that theirspouses will find out about their descisions regarding maintaining individual control over money (ornot) at a cost to the household, the individuals take their spouses’ opinions about what they shoulddo into account, i.e., they compromise. There is strong but not unequivocal evidence pointing to theexistence of a social norm, i.e., a “should” or “ought” that is collectively held and enforced bymembers of a community, forbidding saving in secret from one’s spouse, with the secrecy not thesaving being the problem. Assuming it exists, this social norm forbidding saving in secret from one’sspouse applies to both husbands and wives, and this is acknowledged by both husbands and wives.However, the extent to which violations of this norm are tolerated depends on who is doing theviolating and who the evaluating. In patrilineal communities (as compared to matrilinealcommunities), both husbands and wives are especially intolerant of secret saving by husbands and inboth patrilineal and matrilineal communities, wives are less tolerant than husbands of secret savingby husbands and more tolerant than husbands of secret saving by wives. This relative tolerance ofsecret saving by wives notwithstanding, just under one in three wives and one in six husbands thinkthat a man is justified in beating his wife if he discovers that she is saving in an e-wallet or has joineda savings group without his knowledge and, as grounds for wife beating, saving in secret is on a parwith neglecting the children, visiting friends or family in secret and refusing to have sex. For furtherinsights, see the main text of the report. Show less

Dietz, A.J. 2020

Tristan da Cunha

Research paper

open access

Dietz A.J., Ehrhardt D.W.L., Veldkamp F. 2020

D.R. Congo at 60

Research paper

open access

Dietz, A.J. 2020

Ascension

Research paper

open access

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