In 1976 a start was made with the setting up of a system of district planning based on consultation with the people at the village level. The intention was to replace a system of purely "top-down"... Show moreIn 1976 a start was made with the setting up of a system of district planning based on consultation with the people at the village level. The intention was to replace a system of purely "top-down" planning with a system including strong elements of "bottom-up" planning. The present report describes the changes that took place between 1976 and 1980. It focusses on the integration at the district level of information from the consultation into the planning process. The linking of planning with consultation as a basis for the wider development of nonformal education in Botswana is also considered. In Botswana, the district planning system has developed a social services infrastructure focus and within these boundaries the district planning system does work. But it does not work when it comes to tackling Botswana's main problems - the increasing rural impoverishment and lack of productive employment for most Botswana. Show less
Sum.: In the West African countries of the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, cooperative societies are involved in buying coffee and cocoa from farmers. These cooperatives do not always pay... Show moreSum.: In the West African countries of the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, cooperative societies are involved in buying coffee and cocoa from farmers. These cooperatives do not always pay exactly the producers' price as it is set by the respective governments. These deviations from the producers' price differ according to the conditions under which cooperatives function. Three conditions, that, taken together, have a negative effect on the prices paid to the farmers, are the following: (a) When cooperatives are grouped in extensive, nation-wide organizations, of which the management cannot be effectively controlled by the farmers; (b) When governments have failed to set up effective control over management or accountancy over the cooperative organization; (c) When governments have granted a buying monopoly to the cooperatives and have excluded private traders from buying produce. Show less
Sum.: The West African governments fix annual producers' prices for most kinds of export produce. These prices, which are considerably lower than the corresponding world market prices, have to be... Show moreSum.: The West African governments fix annual producers' prices for most kinds of export produce. These prices, which are considerably lower than the corresponding world market prices, have to be paid by produce buyers, when they buy from farmers. This study reports on research done among the cocoa and coffee farmers in four West African countries (Cameroon, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, and Nigeria) in 1979 and 1980. The author investigated on the spot whether the farmers received the official producers' price and, if not, what kind of deviations occurred and how large they were. The author found that on the whole the producers' price system was effective but there were also deviations, negative as well as positive. These deviations are discussed and presented in tables. They are expressed as percentages of the producers' price to allow comparisons for countries and crops. Show less
This paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section... Show moreThis paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section reviews the general arguments of development theory to promote industrial development in Third World countries. The second section deals with the pros and cons of the 'import-substitution' policy, which was adopted to speed up the growth of the manufacturing sector. The last section brings together relevant research findings concerning the effects of this policy on the structure of the manufacturing sector, employment creation, income distribution and the operations of multinational firms in Kenya. The conclusion is that the type of industrialisation that has occured has not led to 'a structural transformation' of the Kenyan economy. Import-substitution has not lessened Kenya's external dependency, but has merely changed its nature Show less
Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal, E.A.B. van; Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal-Baerends, E.A. van 1982
Cette étude aborde la question de l'acquisition de droits sur la terre, tels que ceux-ci ont été mis au grand jour au cours du développement et du réglement d'un litige portant sur l'utilisation d... Show moreCette étude aborde la question de l'acquisition de droits sur la terre, tels que ceux-ci ont été mis au grand jour au cours du développement et du réglement d'un litige portant sur l'utilisation d'une parcelle située dans la ville de N'zara, chef-lieu de la circonscription de Mango, dans le nord du Togo. Après une présentation détaillée des antécédents, qui expose en particulier les relations sociales unissant les deux parties (le propriétaire et l'utilisateur du terrain), les auteurs dévrivent la manière dont le litige est réglé, une première fois par l'autorité coutumière suprême de la localité (le Chef Supérieur), en 1971, et une deuxième fois par le Juge de Paix, en 1972. Cette description est suivie d'un aperçu des événements locaux qui se déroulent jusque'en 1978 et qui influent sur l'évolution de litige. Dans le situation présente, on voit l'application de différents systèmes juridiques par différentes instances judiciaires qui représentent divers systèmes de droit, et l'emploi sélectif de moyens judiciaires par les justiciables. Show less
