The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate on deconstructing the gender binary, toexplore notions of experiencing shame and violence, and also to identify key points of self-concept... Show moreThe aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate on deconstructing the gender binary, toexplore notions of experiencing shame and violence, and also to identify key points of self-concept ingenderqueer people, by running a survey in three different countries: Greece, the UK and the Netherlands.The survey is the first to explore the impact of this gender- binary discourse and the experience of shameand violence within this frame, within the genderaqueer community in a comparative perspective. Thechapter contributes to the debate on perceptions of masculinity and femininity in association with shameand violence, while reconnoitring the role of culture as a driver of these perceptions and how that role leadsto the re-evaluation of the self along with the sense and impact of shame as a relational process with the self and the society. The survey approaches shame and violence, not only in terms of how they are perceived by the genderqueer community, but also of how they are expressed, e.g. in a passive way (directed violence against a person) or active way (person as actor engaging in violent behaviour) in everyday life. The application of different perspectives on confronting the binary, power and shame provides a critical take on the gender-based debate and on the crux of self-concept and identifies breaks with existing thinking and practice that are essential to any reform of gender recognition policy. Show less
Il y a un demi-siècle, le chercheur sénégalais Cheikh Anta Diop posait la question de la négritude de l'Égypte et de l'antériorité des civilisations nègres. Aujourd'hui, c'est de l'Amérique du... Show moreIl y a un demi-siècle, le chercheur sénégalais Cheikh Anta Diop posait la question de la négritude de l'Égypte et de l'antériorité des civilisations nègres. Aujourd'hui, c'est de l'Amérique du Nord que nous viennent les échos d'une telle contestation de l'histoire écrite par les Blancs. La réécriture du passé des Africains, vu à la lumière de l'Égypte pharaonique, suscite une relecture du passé européen. Les humanités gréco-latines se voient opposer des humanités négro-égyptiennes. Toute l'historiographie savante est donc soupçonnée d'un complot planétaire contre les peuples noirs, dont elle aurait dérobé l'héritage culturel pour mieux les asservir. Cette science dite eurocentriste est donc défiée par une histoire afrocentriste du monde. L'objet de cet ouvrage est de mieux connaître l'argumentation de ce courant, d'en discuter les sources et les méthodes, d'en comprendre les motivations et d'en analyser les réseaux. Les auteurs viennent de tous horizons et de plusieurs disciplines (histoire, égyptologie, linguistique, anthropologie, philosophie, sciences politiques). Les contributions sont regroupées en quatre parties: 1. Un nouvel africanisme? (contributions de: François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, Paul Cartledge, Clarence Walker, Henry Tourneux, Agnès Lainé); 2. Au commencement était l'Égypte (Wim van Binsbergen, Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Pascal Vernus, Marc Étienne); 3. Projections dans le passé (Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Stephen Howe); 4. Réseaux et métamorphoses (Vittorio Morabito, Pino Schirripa, Christine Douxami, Stella Vincenot, Lydia Samarbakhsh-Liberge). Show less
In 1987 and 1991 Martin Bernal published two volumes on the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization. His theory that ancient Greek culture derived from Egypt and Phoenicia opened a discussion... Show moreIn 1987 and 1991 Martin Bernal published two volumes on the Afroasiatic roots of classical civilization. His theory that ancient Greek culture derived from Egypt and Phoenicia opened a discussion known as the debate on 'Black Athena'. This article sorts out whatever lasting contribution Bernal has made to classical archaeology. In 'Black Athena' Bernal described how one particular view of ancient Greek history has served Eurocentric interests. But his own alternative serves other ideological interests, viz. the rapprochement to Afrocentrism. According to Bernal, the name of the Greek goddess Athena derived from the ancient Egyptian Ht Nt, "temple of Neith". Even though Bernal's etymology has been effectively refuted on the grounds of historical linguistics, the iconographic and semantic details which Bernal adduces make it quite conceivable that the link between Athena and Neith was more than superficial. The present author suggests, however, that Neith and Athena both derive from a common prototype which, throughout the ancient eastern Mediterranean, has produced Great Goddesses with connotations of underworld, death, violence and rebirth. Such a view - although inspired by Bernal - effectively explodes the Black Athena thesis, since it dissolves the very contradiction between Indo-European and Afroasiatic as the source of Aegean civilization, and draws on a common substratum which cannot readily be relegated to an African provenance. In conclusion, the present author advocates continued research in the spirit of Martin Bernal, with vastly increased personal, disciplinary, financial and temporal resources. (A shorter French version of this article is published in: Afrocentrismes : l'histoire des Africains entre Égypte et Amérique / sous la dir. de François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar, Jean-Pierre Chrétien et Claude-Hélène Perrot. - Paris : Karthala, 2000, p. 127-150.) Show less
On June 28, 1996, a conference was held at the African Studies Centre, Leiden, on controversies originating from Martin Bernal's study 'Black Athena: the Afro-Asiatic roots of classical... Show moreOn June 28, 1996, a conference was held at the African Studies Centre, Leiden, on controversies originating from Martin Bernal's study 'Black Athena: the Afro-Asiatic roots of classical civilization' (1987, 1991). Papers were presented by Wim van Binsbergen, Martin Bernal, Jan Best, Arno Egberts, and Josine H. Blok. The present publication is an edited versions of Wim van Binsbergen's paper. Show less
On June 28, 1996, a conference was held at the African Studies Centre, Leiden, on controversies originating from Martin Bernal's study 'Black Athena: the Afro-Asiatic roots of classical... Show moreOn June 28, 1996, a conference was held at the African Studies Centre, Leiden, on controversies originating from Martin Bernal's study 'Black Athena: the Afro-Asiatic roots of classical civilization' (1987, 1991). Papers were presented by Wim van Binsbergen, Martin Bernal, Jan Best, Arno Egberts, and Josine H. Blok. The present publication contains edited versions of these papers, as well as responses by Martin Bernal Show less
