Over the past decades, extremist violence and jihadism/religious movements have become an important factor in the political and economic developments of drylands. This evolution has been attributed... Show moreOver the past decades, extremist violence and jihadism/religious movements have become an important factor in the political and economic developments of drylands. This evolution has been attributed to a variety of underlying dynamics that are typical for drylands, including increasing scarcity of land and water due to climate change; a growing population; the poor performance and authoritarian character of states; increasing displacements and resettlements related to large-scale investments; and progressive marginalization and exclusion of specific social groups. In addition, increasing levels of conflict between population groups have provided a fertile ground for recruitment by armed groups for self-defence and religious purposes, often along ethnic lines, and also to secure access to natural resources. The chapter discusses the backgrounds of these movements and shows how a jihadist movement in the Sahel transformed from a terrorist movement into a rural insurgency. Show less
The enormous diversity of responses to the drought conditions in the Sahel in the last thirty years makes it difficult to formulate general conclusions about people's responses to climate change.... Show moreThe enormous diversity of responses to the drought conditions in the Sahel in the last thirty years makes it difficult to formulate general conclusions about people's responses to climate change. It is important to study the pathways of decisionmaking units at the micro-level and even at individual level and to emphasize the socioeconomic differences in changing patterns of responses and the gradual changes in people's 'habitus'. To understand the options available to people it is wise to focus on the technological changes in land use, the changes in the control over resources, migration and mobility, the trends of livelihood diversification and institutional change. The chapter is based on recent and ongoing research in Kaya (Burkina Faso), and Koutiala and Douentza (both in Mali). Summary. [Book abstract] Show less
Het Dogongebied maakt deel uit van de regio Mopti en behoort tot de armste gebieden van Mali. De economie van het gebied is gebaseerd op de graanbouw voor eigen gebruik en op de veeteelt voor... Show moreHet Dogongebied maakt deel uit van de regio Mopti en behoort tot de armste gebieden van Mali. De economie van het gebied is gebaseerd op de graanbouw voor eigen gebruik en op de veeteelt voor vlees en melk. Voor enkele bewoners die op het Plateau van Bandiagara leven, is tuinbouw de enige bron van inkomsten. In de afgelopen decennia heeft de technologische ontwikkeling een versnelde groei van landbouwgronden met zich meegebracht. Hoewel de productie sinds lange tijd schijnt af te nemen onder invloed van de droogte, is de totale productie niet gedaald dankzij de snelle groei van het landbouwareaal. De landbouwstrategieën van de Dogon worden hier besproken per agro-ecologische zone: graanbouw, uienteelt en marginale veeteelt op het Plateau van Bandiagara, en veeteelt, graanbouw, oasen, steun en handel in de vlakten. Noten. [Samenvatting ASC Leiden] Show less
Bruijn, M.E. de; Beek, W.E.A. van; Dijk, J.W.M. van 2003
De Peul en de Dogon leven, ruim voor het tijdperk van grote Peulstaten als het Macinarijk, reeds lang naast elkaar in centraal Mali. De Peul weidden er hun kudden, pleegden er overvallen en... Show moreDe Peul en de Dogon leven, ruim voor het tijdperk van grote Peulstaten als het Macinarijk, reeds lang naast elkaar in centraal Mali. De Peul weidden er hun kudden, pleegden er overvallen en gebruikten het gebied als slavenreservoir. Ook de Dogon organiseerden van tijd tot tijd overvallen. Door de geschiedenis heen hebben de betrekkingen tussen de Dogon en de Peul afwisselende uitingsvormen gekend afhankelijk van de diverse woongebieden in de Seno-Gondo- en Seno-Mangovlakten. Rond de Falaise van Bandiagara blijkt uit diverse rituelen van de Dogon een diepe rancune jegens de Peul. In het spraakgebruik van de Dogon staat de Peul symbool voor het beeld van 'de ander', de bewoner van de wildernis. Maar als mens van de wildernis vertegenwoordigt de Peul ook andere waarden: omdat de wildernis wijs en sterk is, maar ook gevaarlijk en grillig, is de Peul dat ook. De betrekkingen tussen de Houmbebe, een Dogon subgroep van landbouwers in de Hayre, en de Peul, veehouders en halfnomaden, hebben een werkbare vorm gekregen door de opkomst van de 'njaatigi' (gastheer). In elk dorp heeft de Peul een 'njaatigi' op wie hij een beroep kan doen. Door de aanhoudende droogte in het gebied verandert de 'njaatigi'-verhouding echter steeds meer in een afhankelijkheidsrelatie. Noten. [Samenvatting ASC Leiden] Show less
African history of the Sahel and Sudan zone appears to have been marked by political instability. Resistance to Fulbe empires was more common than the main literature suggests. The Fulbe are... Show moreAfrican history of the Sahel and Sudan zone appears to have been marked by political instability. Resistance to Fulbe empires was more common than the main literature suggests. The Fulbe are pastoralists and the empires of nomadic pastoralists are inherently unstable. The Fulbe emirates are often described as having been born out of the revolts of religiously inspired nomadic pastoralists against oppressive sedentary regimes. However, the resistance movements against Fulbe hegemony itself can partly be explained as revolts of the originally nomadic population who felt their cause was not well defended by the elite of these emirates. Opposition to the ideology of Islam inspired revolts of non-Islamic groups. These resistance movements were also fed by the oppressive nature of the new emirates, whose most prominent characteristic was slavery. Resistance is expressed in contemporary ritual and oral traditions, challenging the official historiography of these emirates. Three examples are taken in this chapter to illustrate resistance against Fulbe hegemony: the Timbo Emirate in the Fuuta Jallon, the Diina Emirate in central Mali and the Futanke Emirate which followed Diina in the second half of the 19th century. Notes, ref., sum. [Book abstract] Show less
Bruijn, M.E. de; Dijk, J.W.M. van; Dijk, R.A. van 2001
In the literature on population mobility, mobility has generally been seen as a temporary phenomenon. However, in many instances, mobility rather than sedentarity is the norm. This is illustrated... Show moreIn the literature on population mobility, mobility has generally been seen as a temporary phenomenon. However, in many instances, mobility rather than sedentarity is the norm. This is illustrated in the present chapter by two case studies of so-called 'cultures of travel'. The first case concerns the Fulbe, a nomadic cattle-rearing people, in the Hayre area of central Mali. The Fulbe case demonstrates how mobility has been embedded historically in Sahelian cultures under conditions that are marginal, both from an ecological and an economic perspective. It illustrates how people develop economic and cultural strategies marked by a high degree of opportunism. It shows that Fulbe society is, in fact, organized around mobility. The second case, that of Pentecostalism in Ghana, demonstrates how a specific form of culture acts to bring about a particular form of mobility. In this case, it is not a whole culture that is on the move, but individuals who are mobile for personal reasons. Mobility among Ghanaian Pentecostalists is not yet part and parcel of daily life, but presents an example of how people construct cultural forms and means for dealing with everyday problems of mobility. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum Show less
Dijk, J.W.M. van; Foeken, D.W.J.; Tjil, K. van 2001
Although there is an abundant literature on migration in sub-Saharan Africa and mobility on the continent seems to be increasing, it is difficult to fully understand the complex processes... Show moreAlthough there is an abundant literature on migration in sub-Saharan Africa and mobility on the continent seems to be increasing, it is difficult to fully understand the complex processes underlying the phenomenon. This is partly related to problems with definitions and partly to a lack of reliable data. This chapter on population mobility in Africa discusses some definitional and conceptual problems concerning mobility and migration, gives an overview of recent quantitative data on migration in sub-Saharan Africa, and examines four important aspects of the study of population mobility: gender; adaptation and integration of migrants and strangers in receiving areas; the area of origin as an object of study; and relations between migrants and their home areas. The authors conclude that systematic quantitative data as well as detailed case studies are needed in order to obtain a clear picture of mobility in sub-Saharan Africa. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum Show less
Toute forme de gestion ou d'aménagement des ressources fourragères pour les éleveurs dans la zone semi-aride au Sahel commence obligatoirement par l'appréciation d'un certain nombre de variables et... Show moreToute forme de gestion ou d'aménagement des ressources fourragères pour les éleveurs dans la zone semi-aride au Sahel commence obligatoirement par l'appréciation d'un certain nombre de variables et notamment leur variabilité dans l'espace et dans le temps. Cette variabilité est la source d'une vaste gamme de risques. L'auteur entend montrer comment les risques forment le canevas des stratégies d'utilisation et de gestion des pâturages, et même des modes d'appropriation et des droits d'accès. Les interventions extérieures dans les stratégies d'utilisation et la gestion des pâturages peuvent non seulement avoir un impact important sur la profitabilité des stratégies des éleveurs, mais aussi sur les modes d'appropriation et les droits d'accès. La présente communication traite des sujets suivants face au risque: la production pastorale, la stratégie de la mobilité ou celle de l'investissement dans les êtres humains afin d'amoindrir le risque pour le groupe, l'évaluation des résultats des investissements, la prise de décision par les unités de production, les investissements et les droits d'accès. Show less
This collective volume discusses social change and ecological and cultural adaptation among the Fulbe of West Africa. The introduction is by Victor Azarya. Part 1 (Ethnicity) contains chapters by... Show moreThis collective volume discusses social change and ecological and cultural adaptation among the Fulbe of West Africa. The introduction is by Victor Azarya. Part 1 (Ethnicity) contains chapters by Roger Blench (the question of why there are so many pastoral groups in East Africa whereas in West Africa the Fulbe are the only major pastoralist group); Al-Amin Abu-Manga (diversity among the Fulbe of Sudan); Anneke Breedveld (prototypes and ethnic categorization: on the terms 'Pullo' and 'Fulbe' in Maasina, Mali); Catherine Vereecke (ethnic change and continuity among the Fulbe of Aadamaawa emirate, Nigeria); Thierno Diallo (sociopolitical structure of the traditional society of Fuuta Jaloo). Part 2 (Ecology and politics) contains chapters by Thomas J. Bassett and Zu‚li Koli Bi (Fulbe livestock raising in C“te d'Ivoire); Jean Boutrais (improved veterinary techniques in Aadamaawa, Cameroon); Antje van Driel (Fulbe relations with Dendi agriculturalists in Benin); Youssouf Diallo (Fulbe-Senufo relations in C“te d'Ivoire); Han van Dijk (ecological insecurity in the Niger Bend). Part 3 (Social transformation) contains chapters by Philip Burnham (social change in Fulbe society); Mirjam de Bruijn (insecurity in Fulbe society in Mali); Thierno Bah (decline of pastoralism in Fuuta Jaloo); Jean Schmitz (the eviction of Fulbe from the Mauritanian Senegal River bank in 1989); John Hanson (historical analysis of Fulbe presence in Kaarta, Mali). The contributions by Thierno Diallo, Jean Boutrais, Youssouf Diallo, Thierno Bah and Jean Schmitz are in French Show less
The papers in this volume were presented at a conference on local resource management in Africa, held in Leiden on February 9-10, 1993. Introduction: Local resource management in African national... Show moreThe papers in this volume were presented at a conference on local resource management in Africa, held in Leiden on February 9-10, 1993. Introduction: Local resource management in African national contexts (Hans P.M. van den Breemer and L. Bernhard Venema); Case studies: Working with nature: local fishery management on the Logone floodplain in Chad and Cameroon (Carel A. Drijver, Jeroen C.J. van Wetten and Wouter T. de Groot) - Local management of moving resources: the case of the Dogon village herd (Walter E.A. van Beek) - Farmers managing their most scarce resource: an example of local-level soil fertility management in northern Cameroon (Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters and Louise O. Fresco) - Pastoralists, chiefs and bureaucrats: a grazing scheme in dryland central Mali (Han van Dijk and Mirjam de Bruijn) - Towards local management of natural resources in Senegal (Hans P.M. van den Breemer, Rice R. Bergh and Gerti Hesseling) - Wilfdlife resources and local development: experiences from Zimbabwe's Campfire programme (Wim Olthof) - Local environmental management in north Benin (Leo J. de Haan) - With a little help from our friends: the Gouzda case of local resource management in Cameroon (Carel A. Drijver and Youp J.J. van Zorge) - Insight, self-interest and participation: the keys to improved local environmental management: an example from Senegambia (Menno P. Sypkens Smit). Theoretical contributions by L. Bernhard Venema; Peter Laban; Wouter T. de Groot, Jeroen C.J. van Wetten and Carel A. Drijver; and K. Freerk Wiersum and Berry E.J.C. Lekanne dit Deprez (on the Sahel). Show less
