Synthetic peptide vaccines aiming at the induction of a protective CD8+ T-cell response against infectious or malignant diseases are widely used in the clinic but, despite their success in animal... Show moreSynthetic peptide vaccines aiming at the induction of a protective CD8+ T-cell response against infectious or malignant diseases are widely used in the clinic but, despite their success in animal models, they do not yet live up to their promise in humans. This thesis assesses the development of synthetic peptide vaccines, weighs it against the immunological concepts that have emerged, and identifies the key issues that play a role in the failure or success of a synthetic peptide vaccine. The current state-of-the-art peptide vaccine is a complete synthetic inflammatory product that is ingested by professional antigen-presenting cells and stimulates both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Show less
An adverse early life event is considered a risk factor for stress-related psychiatric disorders in genetically predisposed individuals, probably because of its lasting effect on susceptibility to... Show moreAn adverse early life event is considered a risk factor for stress-related psychiatric disorders in genetically predisposed individuals, probably because of its lasting effect on susceptibility to stress. The objective of this thesis research was to examine in the mouse CD1 strain the immediate and permanent effects of an adverse early experience on the neuroendocrine stress system. For this purpose the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was examined of mouse pups that were refrained from maternal care, a laboratory model for neglect mimicking aspects of abuse. The data show that the infants__ stress response system readily adapts to daily repeated 8 hours of maternal separation, but that it continues to respond to a novelty stressor. The rapid adaptation to repeated maternal absence seems rather due to the ability to predict return of the mother than to adjust metabolism to episodic food deprivation. If maternal separation was extended to a single episode of 24 hours the immediate outcome was more profound but transient, although subtle effects on stress reactions and cognitive performance did persist. The findings demonstrate the amazing plasticity of the newborn brain and provide a basis to study the mechanistic underpinning of vulnerability or resilience to psychopathology. Show less
Hyperlipidemie is een belangrijk gezondheidsrisico in de westerse samenleving en direct gerelateerd aan diabetes en overgewicht. Zowel eetgewoontes als genetische afwijkingen kunnen zorgen voor een... Show moreHyperlipidemie is een belangrijk gezondheidsrisico in de westerse samenleving en direct gerelateerd aan diabetes en overgewicht. Zowel eetgewoontes als genetische afwijkingen kunnen zorgen voor een verstoord vetmetabolisme en ophoping van cholesterol en triglyceriden in het bloed. Pati_nten die lijden aan Familiaire Dysbetalipoproteinemie hebben een genetisch defect in apolipoproteine E (apoE). ApoE is een eiwit dat een centrale rol speelt in het vetmetabolisme. ApoE bevindt zich op lipoproteine deeltjes die cholesterol en triglyceriden door het bloed vervoeren en zorgt voor interactie met enzymen en receptoren. Een genetisch defect in apoE zal resulteren in verhoogde niveaus van "very-low density lipoprotein" (VLDL) deeltjes in de bloedbaan. In dit proefschrift zijn de positieve en negatieve effecten van apoE in VLDL metabolisme besproken. Negatieve effecten zijn een klaringsdefect dat is geassocieerd met APOE2, maar ook een toename van productie snelheid en verminderde lipolyse van VLDL door overexpressie van APOE4. We vonden dat wanneer het C-terminale domein van APOE4 wordt verwijderd, dit eiwit de APOE2-geassocieerde hyperlipidemie verlaagt. Deze getrunceerde variant van APOE4 heeft niet het lipiden verhogende effect van apoE. Verder hebben we nieuwe inzichten verkregen in de rol van LPL-gemedieerde VLDL-TG hydrolyse in APOE-geassocieerde hyperlipidemie en de interactie tussen LPL, apoE en de back-up lever receptor LRP Show less
All organisms are composed of cells and the cell's nucleus contains DNA. The induction of DNA damage is a threat to organisms. Signalling of DNA damage and subsequent repair is of substantial... Show moreAll organisms are composed of cells and the cell's nucleus contains DNA. The induction of DNA damage is a threat to organisms. Signalling of DNA damage and subsequent repair is of substantial importance. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA can be induced by ionising radiation and DNA damaging agents but also arise as intermediates in several cellular processes (e.g. meiosis). DSBs are among the most genotoxic DNA lesions and their accurate repair is crucial. Genetic instability resulting from unrepaired DSBs can lead to cell death and, in a multicellular organism, to cancer. There are two major DSB repair pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous endjoining (NHEJ). By NHEJ, broken DNA is sealed together, irrespective of sequence homology, in a not necessarily error-free way. HR, in which a homologous DNA molecule is needed as a template, accurately repairs DSBs. In this thesis we mainly focus on recombinational repair proteins of the RAD52 epistasis group and involved in HR. We analyse the biochemical properties of two Rad52 homologs in S. pombe, Rad22A and Rad22B. We examine combined mutations in RAD52 and RAD54 homologs in S. pombe and mice. We investigate the importance of sumolyation of recombinational repair proteins. We also introduce mice deficient in Sycp1, important for coordination during meiosis and the formation of crossovers Show less
