Hemophilia is a sex linked, recessive, hereditary disorder characterizedby excessive bleeding. This bleeding tendency manifestsitself in spontaneous hemorrhages in the joint cavities and muscles... Show moreHemophilia is a sex linked, recessive, hereditary disorder characterizedby excessive bleeding. This bleeding tendency manifestsitself in spontaneous hemorrhages in the joint cavities and muscles,and in excessive bleeding after trauma or surgical procedures.The first written references to the disease can be found in theBabylonian Talmud, in which it can be read that Rabbi Judah thePatriarch exempted the third son from circumcision if his motherhad already lost two sons because they had bled to death afterthis operation ( 1 ) . Rabbi Simon hen Gamaliel even forbade a boyto be circumcised whien sons of his mother's three elder sisters haddied from bleeding after circumcision ( 2).In the 19th century Wardrop discovered the prolonged clottingtime of hemophilic blood. For a long time lack of prothrombin washeld responsible for the clotting defect until in 1935 Quick foundthat the prothrombin time of hemophilic plasma was normal ( 2) .Patek and Taylor reported in 1937 that the prolonged clottingtime of hemophilic plasma could be normalized by the addition ofa globulin fraction of normal blood. For this reason the lackingclotting component was called antihemophilic globulin; later, byinternational agreement, it was named clotting factor VIII (2).In 1944 Pavlovsky observed that a mixture of the blood of twohemophiliacs known to him had a normal clotting time ( 3, 4). Theright interpretation of this finding was given only in 1952 and notby Pavlovsky himself. In that year reports from New York, SanFrancisco, and Oxford described a disease which was clinically andgenetically undistinguishable from hemophilia, but the lackingclotting component was not factor VIII ( 5-7). The missing factorin this new disorder, PTC-deficiency, Christmas disease or hemophiliaB, was later called factor IX. Show less
In the first part of this essay the development of the study of African history is sketched, and the historical studies written by professional African historians from 1955 to 1972-3 are analysed.... Show moreIn the first part of this essay the development of the study of African history is sketched, and the historical studies written by professional African historians from 1955 to 1972-3 are analysed. Special attention is paid to the manisfestoes of the 1960s, programmatical declarations of what African history should be and how it should be written. Part two traces in detail what historical studis were actually produced in the fifteen years that followed independence in one particular West African country, Nigeria Show less
