Social anxiety is anxiety about negative evaluation and rejection by others. Social anxiety has been long related to reduced eye contact, this feature is seen as a casual and a maintaining factor... Show moreSocial anxiety is anxiety about negative evaluation and rejection by others. Social anxiety has been long related to reduced eye contact, this feature is seen as a casual and a maintaining factor of social anxiety disorder. However, related empirical findings were equivocal. The dissertation sought to address three key questions: (1) Whether social anxiety is featured by gaze avoidance. (2) Under which conditions socially anxious individuals display gaze avoidance. (3) To what extent subjective experience of gaze avoidance corresponds with actual gaze behavior. Using the combination of naturalistic social settings and wearable eye-trackers, the dissertation provides evidence for the relationship between social anxiety and gaze avoidance particularly in naturalistic social situation, and further reveals that the relationship depends on severity of social anxiety symptoms, type of social situation and age group. Besides, gaze anxiety is moderately associated with actual gaze avoidance. Altogether, the dissertation sheds light on the nature of gaze behavior adopted by socially anxious individuals in naturalistic social interactions. Show less
The aim of this thesis is to shed light on whether some capacities that are considered linked to, or characteristic for, language are shared between humans and nonhuman animals, which can help to... Show moreThe aim of this thesis is to shed light on whether some capacities that are considered linked to, or characteristic for, language are shared between humans and nonhuman animals, which can help to understand the basic cognitive abilities from which the evolution of human language may have arisen. The thesis starts with comparing human language with other communication systems. Then Chapter 2 addressed the question: what mechanisms are involved in learning a sequence of vocal items in zebra finches. Chapter 3 addressed whether zebra finches are able to discriminate between, and generalize, affixation patterns. Chapter 4 dealt with a controversial topic that is recently getting a lot of attention: whether animals show the ability to learn __algebraic__ rules that are relevant to syntax learning in humans. Chapter 5 examined the ability of zebra finch to learn nonadjacent dependency that is important for learning the hierarchical structure of languages. Altogether, this thesis provides positive evidence for similarities between humans and songbirds in using transitional information, generalizing surface transformations of human affixation patterns and detecting nonadjacent dependencies. Show less
