The early history and development of the historiographical method and theory of “conceptual history” resp. “Historical Semantics”—the latter being the overarching term that includes the... Show moreThe early history and development of the historiographical method and theory of “conceptual history” resp. “Historical Semantics”—the latter being the overarching term that includes the specifically German version of conceptual history (= Begriffsgeschichte)—is still widely unknown. One of the first central protagonists of the beginnings of this now widely appraised historiographical approach was the German-Jewish historian Richard Koebner (1885-1958). As a transnational actor, Koebner was not only part of the specifically German beginnings of Begriffsgeschichte during the Weimar Republic, but he was also—after his forced emigration to Jerusalem and during his retirement-years in London—influential for the development of Historical Semantics in Israel and England. Show less
The history of the Central African Republic (CAR) has been one of persistent violence, despite internal and external attempts to break the cycle of misfortune in the country. A number of factors... Show moreThe history of the Central African Republic (CAR) has been one of persistent violence, despite internal and external attempts to break the cycle of misfortune in the country. A number of factors are cited as determinants or amplifiers to explain this ever-renewed cycle of violence in the country, including a disastrous colonial legacy, poor governance, an abundance of natural resources in an uncontrolled territory, greed for power, the collapse of the state, or a combination of all or some of these non-exhaustive factors. However, over and above these not insignificant factors, we need to reconsider the weight of history and the role of young people as constants in the recurrent conflict in the Central African Republic. To explain the durability of this context of instability inscribed in a continuum, we propose the concept of the political arena, a situation of confrontation built up over the course of history, and within which a large number of young people are growing up with a limited agency. We conclude that young people in the CAR have ultimately become a usable resource, having been exploited in the same way as natural resources since pre-colonial and colonial times. Hence the reproduction and/or continuation of violent and recurrent conflicts in the Central African Republic. Show less
The text deals with the protection of indigenous peoples' cultural heritage in the context of the United Nations, with an emphasis on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional... Show moreThe text deals with the protection of indigenous peoples' cultural heritage in the context of the United Nations, with an emphasis on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions as one of the challenges of contemporary law. The incorporation of rights already recognised in multilateral treaties on human rights, culture and biodiversity into the intellectual property system has been the demand of Indigenous Peoples in the discussion process underway in the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources and Folklore since 2000. The topic is analysed from the perspective of indigenous peoples, as collective subjects of international rights, authors, inventors and improvers, with the capacity to create and innovate using technologies that are continuously improved in their collective context. The work examines the contemporary challenges of balancing the rights of indigenous peoples and the large commercial interests involved in granting exclusive intellectual property rights. The thesis analyses, from the contexts of different indigenous peoples, the suitability of existing tools in the intellectual property system to prevent the erroneous granting of intellectual property rights and to prevent the misappropriation of the elements that integrate the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples. Show less
This thesis describes the socio-political dynamics in Dogon country, in central Mali. Since 2015, this region has experienced an unprecedented phenomenon of armed mobilization. Various insurgent ... Show moreThis thesis describes the socio-political dynamics in Dogon country, in central Mali. Since 2015, this region has experienced an unprecedented phenomenon of armed mobilization. Various insurgent (jihadist) and counterinsurgent (self-defense) groups are fighting to impose new modes of rural governance by means of violence, despite the deployment of the Malian Armed Forces (FAMA) and contingents of the UN forces (MINUSMA). Using an ethnographic approach and proceeding in processual and analytic manner, this thesis examines the armed mobilizations and the violence they generate as deriving from interactions between several phenomena, notably land.Depending on historical contingencies, mechanisms of marginalization, inequality and forms of institutional hybridization appear within village communities. In these situations, the principle of primogeniture and autochthony allow segment of society to have access to socio-political privileges and exclude other segments from access to land and its resources. The marginalized are forced to migrate or to resist inequalities in various ways, including armed violence, to gain access to land and achieve social and political respectability.The approach adopted apprehends land, agricultural migration, and armed conflict as interrelated phenomena. Analyzed in relation to the formation of the post-colonial Malian state, they constitute the three main parts of this thesis. Show less
The Caribbean is a dynamic region with intense cultural interactions, from the pre-colonial period to the contemporary period. During the pre-colonial period, the social, cultural and political... Show moreThe Caribbean is a dynamic region with intense cultural interactions, from the pre-colonial period to the contemporary period. During the pre-colonial period, the social, cultural and political networks in which the island communities were involved were modified. The archaeology also demonstrates that the material culture of the populations was affected; it has allowed us to identify a diversity of ceramic styles influenced by multiple and plural contributions, witnessing the exchange of ideas and/or objects and/or know-how between the various communities. Colonization will disrupt the dynamics in place, introducing forced contacts of different social and ethnic groups at the origin of the emergence of a patchwork of new communities.My research proposes a multivocal anthropological reading of the material production of multicultural Caribbean societies from the pre-colonial period to the present. This study is approached through the prism of the concept of creolization.The methodology used is a holistic approach that combines technological, morphological, petrographic, stylistic and ethnographic studies.This research takes a new look at the material culture of the Amerindians of the Caribbean which induces cultural and social transformations during the pre-colonial period. Show less
This research aims to study the practice of cremation in Alexandria and Graeco-Roman Egypt, through the examination of its cinerary urns.Our corpus, which brings together a little more than one... Show moreThis research aims to study the practice of cremation in Alexandria and Graeco-Roman Egypt, through the examination of its cinerary urns.Our corpus, which brings together a little more than one thousand objects, includes both ceramic and stone vases, designed as cinerary urns, but also many vases from the domestic and sometimes civic/religious sphere, diverted from their primary use and reused in necropolises, as well as a group of Pharaonic alabaster vases, adopted and reinterpreted in Roman times.Re-examination of the necropolises and tombs in which these urns have been unearthed since the 19th century has shed new light on the categories of people concerned by this practice, whether it is a personal choice of anonymous individuals or a custom of the Ptolemaic state for people whose funerals were supported by the Crown.Analysis of anthropological data from a selection of Alexandrian cinerary urns has made it possible to reconstruct a theoretical framework on the various stages of the funeral ceremony, from the construction of the pyre to the collection of the bone remains and deposition in the grave.Finally, elaborating a typo-chronological study of these urns enabled us to determine four major periods along which the frequency and methods of cremation evolved, between the foundation of Alexandria and the 2nd century AD. Show less
This is an empirical contribution to the study of the implications of political engagement for the social and political lives of informal workers in the Global South, by exploring the world of the... Show moreThis is an empirical contribution to the study of the implications of political engagement for the social and political lives of informal workers in the Global South, by exploring the world of the taxi-moto drivers (zemidjan) in Benin. The ethnographic research methodology mobilized a variety of sources for comparing the associational and political dynamics of the zemidjan in several towns (Cotonou, Parakou, Natitingou, and Kandi).The central preoccupation of this research has been to explain the perception among the zemidjan that their working and living conditions have not improved, despite their strategic use of the political sphere by way of the leaders of their diverse organisations. The main results show that despite their efforts to access certain platforms, the influencing capacity of the leaders in public decision making bodies is limited. This does not preclude that collective initiatives of the zemidjan have brought significant improvements to the corporation over time.It was highlighted that beyond those convincing gains facilitated by zemidjan engagement in the political arena, their insatisfaction is rather linked to the non-realisation of profound aspirations for a professional reconversion in order to improve their social status due to the negative connotation which makes zemidjan a "profession by default". Show less
The corpus of Æsopian fables books has been taught to French children and teenagers for centuries. Yet little analysis looks at the production in its entirety. Therefore, within this corpus, I... Show moreThe corpus of Æsopian fables books has been taught to French children and teenagers for centuries. Yet little analysis looks at the production in its entirety. Therefore, within this corpus, I evaluated the relationship between the text, the images, and the educational purpose of various fable authors using 252 visuals, published between 1500 and 2020. Sources include picture books, board games, sheet music, posters, school materials, and even application software. All have in common the aim of pursuing or promoting an educational use of the fables. My research focuses on the role that illustrated fables play in French education.Through a sociological approach that features the concept of médiation littéraire, book history, literary analysis, the study of the layout of the books and intermedial analysis, I conclude that Æsopian fables are used as a social link between generations of French people.They became essential across primary schools in the mid-19th century. Before that, they were mostly intended for socially privileged children whose families could afford a secondary education.Regardless of the century, the illustrations which accompany fables play a role in the text’s adoption across French schools: they participate in the transmission of the genre and other kinds of knowledge Show less
A landlocked country in Central Africa, Chad has been involved in armed conflicts and civil war since independence in 1960. After the coup d’état in 1990, a certain stability prevailed under a... Show moreA landlocked country in Central Africa, Chad has been involved in armed conflicts and civil war since independence in 1960. After the coup d’état in 1990, a certain stability prevailed under a military democratic regime despite frequent rebels’ incursions, civil unrest, and violations of human rights. Over six decades, structural violence, insecurity, and oppression continue to hamper sociocultural, economic, educational and health improvements. Despite oil revenues and international investments into security and poverty reduction, Chad remains a highly fragile poor country with an alarming hunger situation. Its development is constrained by internal conflicts, instability of neighbouring countries, and perpetual threats by extremists. The weakness of infrastructures, public institutions and bad governance constrain the access of communities to basic goods, services, rights and means of livelihood.In rural areas, harassment and neglect by public authorities increase the vulnerabilities of households to food insecurity and conflicts. This research insighted into the long-term impacts of persistent violence on food production, social organization and access to health services in Guéra in central Chad. Rebels and government authorities exert political stress that is a major driver of sociocultural, demographic and economic change. These acts undermine spheres of livelihoods across the Sahelian region and needs attention. Show less
a successful book in Italy and then beyond the Alps. While the literary reception of Ariosto inFrance has already been widely studied since the work of Alexandre Ciorănescu and SijbrandKeyser, this... Show morea successful book in Italy and then beyond the Alps. While the literary reception of Ariosto inFrance has already been widely studied since the work of Alexandre Ciorănescu and SijbrandKeyser, this PhD dissertation consists of an analysis of the diffusion of this masterpiece throughthe prism of the loving passion. In the sixteenth century, during the first French reception, readers and authors felt passionately about amorous episodes, and more specifically ones about the madness of desperate lovers. French authors took several figures of unfortunate lovers from the abundance of characters in Orlando furioso. Besides, thanks to its plasticity, Ariosto’s text was able to inspire most literary genres. We study the evolution of this representation of passion in French translations and imitations, both through a diachronic analysis and an analysis by literary genre. While in the first translations the French transposition can sometimes influence the representation of passion, the love poetry adopted more aesthetical an approach of these episodes. We insist on the 1570s, as they demonstrate the presence of remake in the epic genre but also of many partial imitations. Thus, the representation of the sentiment amoureux will progressively be depicted with more diversity and complexity until the beginning of the seventeenth century when it evolved towards a more psychological approach. Show less
This book provides a description of Cuvok, a language spoken by about 10,000 people in the far north of Cameroon. The study of the linguistic elements addresses and provides an analysis of the... Show moreThis book provides a description of Cuvok, a language spoken by about 10,000 people in the far north of Cameroon. The study of the linguistic elements addresses and provides an analysis of the language through the examination of phonological and morphological aspects, as well as some notes on syntax and a bilingual lexicon.The issue of prosodies is central to the discussion of vowel segments. The harmonic domain of the word has a prominent place in the morpho-phonological discussion. The noun and the verb are the only grammatical categories that exhibit harmonic domains within which the features +palatalization and -palatalization are observed. All satellite elements of these two categories are either palatalized or non-palatalized depending on the opposition between the two phonemic vowels in the final position of the nominal or verbal complex. The perception of the Cuvok world is revealed through the study of prepositions, markers of temporal and spatial location. The expression of the four cardinal points shows a fixed orientation of the Tchouvok people.Particular emphasis was placed on the ethnolinguistic aspect, which deals with the role of the blacksmith as a key actor in the development of the society. This monographic section examines the role of the blacksmith in a society that is undergoing rapid change and is prey to new ideas and habits.The Cuvok grammar is a work that constitutes a decisive step towards the development and standardization of this language and hence of the central Chadic languages in general. Show less
In the liminal area of southern Latium and northern Campania Rome founded three neighbouring colonies with different citizenship status in the 4th-3rd c. BC. The dissertation re-examines the... Show moreIn the liminal area of southern Latium and northern Campania Rome founded three neighbouring colonies with different citizenship status in the 4th-3rd c. BC. The dissertation re-examines the historical and archaeological sources within this micro-region and focuses on local-regional characteristics and pre-Roman structures that influenced the colonies. Thereby, this research argues for a local colonial material culture and discusses the impact of cultural and economic factors on the colonial foundations. These support their multi-layered integration into supra-regional trade and production networks as well as spatial and individual connectivity in late Republican times. In contrary to traditional conceptions limited to citizenship status and military purpose, this research emphasizes the heterogenous socio-political, economic, religious, and cultural developments of the colonies. Show less
The term “cardiometabolic disease” describes a cluster of sub-clinical disorders that are shared by cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, including dyslipidaemia, and glucose intolerance. In... Show moreThe term “cardiometabolic disease” describes a cluster of sub-clinical disorders that are shared by cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, including dyslipidaemia, and glucose intolerance. In clinical settings, fasting measurement is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of hyperglycemia and dyslipidaemia. However, due to irregular meal intake, we spend the majority of our waking hours in a non-fasting state. The non-fasting state is a dynamic condition that is affected by many factors, including diet, lifestyle, physiological factors, pathological conditions, and genetics. Thus far, the genes and genetic loci that affect postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism have not been fully understood. By using the data from the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study, we found 1) postprandial measures after a liquid mixed meal were as robust as fasting measures by repeated measures; 2) to stratify pre-diabetic individuals into high- and low-risk of developing to type 2 diabetes, the model performance by using postprandial metabolites was similar to the model performance using fasting metabolites; 3) the genetics of fasting and postprandial metabolite levels are highly overlapped. All the findings suggest that postprandial measures after a liquid meal are as reliable and clinically relevant as fasting measures for cardiometabolic disease research and diagnosis. Show less
German-speaking emigrants from the interwar period - both Jewish and non-Jewish - were among the most fundamental figures in the cultural field of the 20th century. Despite their low degree of... Show moreGerman-speaking emigrants from the interwar period - both Jewish and non-Jewish - were among the most fundamental figures in the cultural field of the 20th century. Despite their low degree of permanent settlement in Brazil, the country played an important role in the diaspora of these immigrants to the Americas. If on the one hand, their migratory flow to Brazil was limited, on the other this immigration was large enough to significantly change the communities that were already established in the country. Such a change imposed internal tensions that were aggravated by the German national-socialist cultural policies in Brazil and by the increasing upsurge of xenophobic and authoritarian policies under the presidency of Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945). The effects of these policies reverberated across the Brazilian artistic field as frictions between the national and the foreign artistic modernist movements. Show less
In recent decades there has been an exponential increase in large hydroelectric plants in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region. These large hydraulic structures impact the environment and the... Show moreIn recent decades there has been an exponential increase in large hydroelectric plants in Brazil, especially in the Amazon region. These large hydraulic structures impact the environment and the lives of people living in the places where they settle and require a special type of water governance.The dictatorial regime (1964-1985) created a “standard” for the construction of these great structures, through an institutional and legal framework, which benefited the Brazilian business elite but also, through the creation of a popular imagination, which shows itself lasting progress on the country's progress and development. The suspension of security, the fragility of institutional environmental structures, the disrespect for indigenous reserves, the lack of clarity about the concept of “affected population” and the non-payment of fair compensation were identified as one of the main challenges for a democratic water governance in the country.In the late 1970s, the Dam-Affected Movement (MAB) began its organization and is also studied in this research.The study is an important and insightful academic contribution to the understanding of the main bottlenecks of effective water governance in Brazil. Show less
Dit promotieonderzoek heeft tot hoofddoel de mogelijke cognaten te analyseren voor bepaalde antiloopsoorten in de Bantoe gemeenschappen. Door enerzijds de fundamentele principes van de Historisch... Show moreDit promotieonderzoek heeft tot hoofddoel de mogelijke cognaten te analyseren voor bepaalde antiloopsoorten in de Bantoe gemeenschappen. Door enerzijds de fundamentele principes van de Historisch-Vergelijkende Taalkunde (vergelijkende methodologie) en anderzijds een maximum aantal bibliografische bronnen te gebruiken, zijn een groot aantal woorden uit een aanzienlijk aantal Bantoetalen verzameld. 174 protovormen betreffende de woordenschat specifiek voor de antilopen in Bantoe zijn uitgelicht. Van deze vormen waren 62 stammen al voorgesteld in de database Bantu Lexical Reconstructions (BLR) (2003) en 14 via andere bronnen. Sommige veelvoorkomende lexicale creatieprocessen in de Bantoetalen zijn semantische uitbreiding, reduplicatie, metathese en de metafoor. Bovendien heeft dit onderzoek het mogelijk gemaakt de betekenis te verfijnen van meerdere reeds voorgestelde reconstructies in de BLR. De semantische velden van de nomenclatuur van dieren zijn onderhevig aan heel wat verschuivingen, wat voornamelijk wordt verklaard door de veranderingen van de nominale klassen, maar ook door problemen met de betrouwbaarheid van bepaalde bronnen. In sommige gevallen is men erin geslaagd de oorsprong van de betekenis van gereconstrueerde stammen te achterhalen en hun semantische motivaties te begrijpen. Show less
The introduction of French literature to Lithuania occurred in different periods of its history. After analysing several cases, we can draw the conclusion that the culture and literature of Western... Show moreThe introduction of French literature to Lithuania occurred in different periods of its history. After analysing several cases, we can draw the conclusion that the culture and literature of Western Europe have always been present and well received in Lithuania. French literature represented the ideal to follow, the model to imitate. As it has been one of the world's great literatures for centuries, it has greatly influenced Lithuanian culture and literature.This thesis covers the most important periods of Lithuanian history: the Renaissance, the Republic of the two Nations (Poland and Lithuania), the occupation by Czarist Russia, Independence in the period between the two world wars, the Soviet occupation and the restoration of Independence in 1990. Show less
This study explores long-term landscape transformations of the Fort-Liberté region, Haiti. By using a landscaped biography approach, this research aims to understand the substantial developments... Show moreThis study explores long-term landscape transformations of the Fort-Liberté region, Haiti. By using a landscaped biography approach, this research aims to understand the substantial developments of the region, from the Amerindian occupation, through the Spanish colonization, to the French colonial period. The study of the transformation of the landscape in the longue-durée suggests that activities of cultural groups are considered as events that were connected to each other, not just as superposed layers or isolated events. The archaeological sites dispersed in the natural environment express the idea of a complex palimpsest of the region’s history. This study of the Haitian cultural landscape has proposed to take into account the multi-layered nature of the landscape in order to avoid the dichotomy between pre-colonial and colonial in this context of long-term landscape transformation Show less
This dissertation focuses on the literary function of the ambiguities and wordplay in the work of Apollinaire, Prévert, Tournier and Beckett, showing that this function is much broader than the... Show moreThis dissertation focuses on the literary function of the ambiguities and wordplay in the work of Apollinaire, Prévert, Tournier and Beckett, showing that this function is much broader than the humour and entertainment function usually associated with such language play. In the work of these writers, ambiguities and puns often generate serious reflections or tragic plots. Moreover, these language games are so central to the works under investigation that they reflect or underlie their very structures. This use of language is common to all texts explored here, despite their significant diversity in terms of execution and design. This study of the interrelation between ambiguity and wordplay on the one hand and structure on the other, is grounded in close reading. This approach was selected for the insight it can offer into the intentions of the writers under investigation, and for being well suited to the kinds of invitations to interpretation extended by the authors themselves. It is evident that all four approach the idea of authorship with the conviction that the role of the author is both insignificant and inconceivable without the additional complicity and involvement of the reader, from whom they require a co-creative effort. Show less
