The objectives of this study on dairy development in Kilifi District, Kenya, are, first, to assess the importance of - small-scale - intensive dairy farming as promoted by the Ministry of Livestock... Show moreThe objectives of this study on dairy development in Kilifi District, Kenya, are, first, to assess the importance of - small-scale - intensive dairy farming as promoted by the Ministry of Livestock through the National Dairy Development Programme (DDP) compared with other types of small-scale dairy farming; second, to assess the importance of intensive dairy farming for the household economy and nutrition of the smallholder households concerned; and, third, to assess the importance of this economic activity for the nutrition of the local community. For the purpose of this study five groups of households were designated: DDP-farmers, independent dairy farmers (neighbours of DDP-farmers keeping cattle), livestock farmers (traditional farmers in the drier part of the province), DDP-customers (rural households regularly buying milk from DDP-farmers), and a comparison group drawn from the general population of farming households. Field surveys took place from May till July 1987. The data collected concern household characteristics, dairy farming and production, milk sales, household food consumption, milk consumption and nutritional status of preschool children Show less
In 1983, the Ministry of Planning and National Development (MPND) of Kenya and the African Studies Centre, Leiden, started a programme of mutual studies whose objective was to analyse current... Show moreIn 1983, the Ministry of Planning and National Development (MPND) of Kenya and the African Studies Centre, Leiden, started a programme of mutual studies whose objective was to analyse current developments concerning food and nutrition in Kenya. The main subject areas are nutrition in rural development, regional and seasonal fluctuations in food supply and nutrition, and agricultural policies and agricultural production. Following the completion of several joint studies in Coast Province, a seminar on 'Sectoral discussions on seasonality, settlement and dairy development in Coast Province' was held in November 1990 at which the final results of several socioeconomic and nutrition surveys carried out during the period 1985-1987 were presented. The general objective of the seminar was to disseminate the study results among government officers concerned with the social and economic development of the area, to offer the results for discussion and to formulate recommendations for policy and planning purposes. This report contains a summary of each of the five main reports which were presented - a socioeconomic profile of the study populations in Kwale and Kilifi Districts, a study of seasonality in food consumption and anthropometry, a survey of economic and nutritional conditions at settlement schemes, a study of nutrition and dairy development and of women's groups - together with the seminar's recommendations. Show less
This paper discusses the concept of social security and criticizes the ILO definition of the concept as too limited to analyse non-Western social security systems. It develops an alternative... Show moreThis paper discusses the concept of social security and criticizes the ILO definition of the concept as too limited to analyse non-Western social security systems. It develops an alternative definition which includes, firstly, the protection by society of individuals or social groups against a fall in their standards of living as a result of temporary adversities, and, secondly, the promotion by society of the standards of living of those individuals or groups that are below an acceptable minimum level. This wider definition is justified by arguing that social security is a universal necessity. The paper further discusses principles and forms of social security systems, methods of redistribution, and determinants of social security systems. Show less
This is Part 4/5 of a series concerned with seasonality in the coastal lowlands of Kenya. Household surveys were carried out in six locations in Kwale and Kilifi Districts in 1985-1987. The present... Show moreThis is Part 4/5 of a series concerned with seasonality in the coastal lowlands of Kenya. Household surveys were carried out in six locations in Kwale and Kilifi Districts in 1985-1987. The present report deals with food consumption and the nutritional condition of the study population. Results show that the average energy intake in the sampled households is substantially lower than the reference requirements. However, energy intake differs according to research area, income class and season. On average, only about one-third of the energy intake is covered by the households' own food production. The general seasonality pattern of height and weight growth of the children differs little between the research areas. However, the amplitudes of the seasonal fluctuations differ between the areas. Household income level appears to be an important variable underlying differences in the seasonality of height growth and weight growth. The relationship between household income level and seasonality in the mothers' weight is more complex. In the present study, 'seasonal stress' is assessed in terms of a deterioration of the nutritional condition of the people. To a certain extent, most households are able to prevent this type of seasonal stress by buying food with money derived from a more or less regular type of off-farm employment and to a lesser extent also from farm sales. Show less
This report is concerned with land distribution and rural development and presents the final results of a survey carried out in 1985-1986 in four settlement schemes: Diani and Ukunda in Kwale... Show moreThis report is concerned with land distribution and rural development and presents the final results of a survey carried out in 1985-1986 in four settlement schemes: Diani and Ukunda in Kwale District and Roka and Mtwapa in Kilifi District, Coast Province, Kenya. In each scheme 100 households were visited and information collected regarding small farm characteristics, off-farm employment, socioeconomic differentiation between households, food consumption and nutritional status. Data from a companion survey among the general population were available for comparison purposes. It was found that food crop production, mostly maize and cassava, covers only 60 percent of the staple food requirements. In all schemes, off-farm employment plays an important role and total household income consists for two thirds of employment income. The variation in income and income composition is large. Scheme households, on average, have a higher food energy consumption than the general population as well as a greater variation in diet. As regards nutritional status, there are significant differences between schemes and general population in respect of height-for-age of children. There is no traceable influence of individual schemes as such on the nutritional status of children. It is concluded that from the point of view of regional agricultural development the results of government settlement policy are far from optimal, but that from the point of view of the settler households the schemes are quite prosperous Show less
Jansen, M.E.R.G.N.; Anders, Ferdinand; Reyes García, L. 1991
Over the past 15 years the Kenyan government has pursued a policy to stimulate the participation of women in the process of development. Women's groups have been the main focus of government... Show moreOver the past 15 years the Kenyan government has pursued a policy to stimulate the participation of women in the process of development. Women's groups have been the main focus of government policies in this regard. This paper presents the results of research, undertaken in 1985 and 1986, on women's groups in Coast Province in Kenya. The areas selected for this study are Diani-Ukunda in Kwale District and Mtwapa in Kilifi District. The report first describes the social and economic characteristics of the research locations, and the position of women in the family and their role in agriculture. Then it focuses on the importance of women's groups from a viewpoint of community development, but also on whether women gain an income from their joint activities. It is argued that the groups concerned offer only a few members a small and irregular income. The conditions connected with this situation and nonmaterial rewards for the group members are discussed. It is shown that the groups in Diani-Ukunda have a rather limited importance as far as community services are concerned, while the Mtwapa groups perform much better in this respect. The conditions connected with the differences in success are discussed as well as the motivations of members who, in spite of the slow progress of their groups, continue to participate. Show less
This study is concerned with the laws regulating compensation for extramarital pregnancy and maintenance of extramarital children in Botswana. More specifically, it aims to comprehend the reasons... Show moreThis study is concerned with the laws regulating compensation for extramarital pregnancy and maintenance of extramarital children in Botswana. More specifically, it aims to comprehend the reasons for the increase in extramarital reproduction and its seeming tolerance by the society; to make an in-depth review of the customary, Roman-Dutch and statutory laws relating to extramarital pregnancy and their relationship to each other; to find out the extent and manner in which these laws are used in practice, and their effectiveness; to comprehend the interaction between these plural sources of law, both at the institutional and grassroots level; and to draw theoretical and practical conclusions, with a view to recommending changes in the law which are relevant to its consumers' social reality and day-to-day lives. Data come from statutes and legal texts, decisions of the superior courts, decisions of two local courts, viz. the chief's court and the magistrate's court in Kanye, the traditional capital of the Ngwaketse, a survey of 178 unmarried mothers in Kanye carried out in 1989, and interviews and courtroom observations. Show less
In dit boek wordt een beschrijving gegeven van het ontstaan en de ontwikkeling van een moderne koloniale en post-koloniale staat in Guiné-Bissau. De auteur analyseert de wijze waarop die staat... Show moreIn dit boek wordt een beschrijving gegeven van het ontstaan en de ontwikkeling van een moderne koloniale en post-koloniale staat in Guiné-Bissau. De auteur analyseert de wijze waarop die staat intervenieert in plattelandsgemeenschappen met het doel deze te integreren in grotere politieke, staatskundige en sociaal-economische structuren. Hij besteedt niet alleen aandacht aan het ontstaan en de verdere uitbouw van de moderne staat in Guiné-Bissau door een studie van het staatsapparaat en de mensen die daarin posten bezetten, maar analyseert ook de wijze waarop vanuit de staat een beleid werd ontwikkeld om de belangrijkste economische sector van het land, de landbouw, zodanig te modelleren dat ze kon functioneren binnen nationale en internationale economische kaders. Tenslotte probeert hij om vanuit het gezichtspunt van de bewoners van twee dorpen (een Balanta- en een Mandinga-dorp) in de regio Oio dat staatsvormende proces te bekijken. In het slothoofdstuk wordt een beschouwing gegeven over staat, rurale ontwikkeling, klassen, sociale bewegingen en over stagnaties en frustraties na tien jaar onafhankelijkheid Show less
