Since the invention of the Indian writing system around the third century BC, Sanskrit literature was no longer exclusively oral. However, not all genres immediately adopted the new possibilities.... Show moreSince the invention of the Indian writing system around the third century BC, Sanskrit literature was no longer exclusively oral. However, not all genres immediately adopted the new possibilities. In order to fully understand the orality and writing of Sanskrit literature, I will first define a threefold division of what I call ‘the compositional complex’, the totality of processes involved in the creation of texts and their subsequent usages. The first stage is the composition of the text, the second is its preservation for the sake of future generations, and the third is its transmission to the audience. Each stage can be oral or written. After a brief discussion of secondary literature on the compositional complex of the Vedas, the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas, I look for textinternal evidence for the compositional complex of Purāṇas in the Bhaviṣyapurāṇa, ‘the Purāṇa of the future’. On the basis of this single Purāṇa, it is possible to make a reconstruction of the composition, preservation, and transmission of Purāṇas, where orality and writing intertwine. Show less
It has long been recognized that the Semitic suffix conjugation and the Berber adjectival perfective suffix conjugation have striking similarities in their morphology, which has been correctly... Show moreIt has long been recognized that the Semitic suffix conjugation and the Berber adjectival perfective suffix conjugation have striking similarities in their morphology, which has been correctly attributed to be the result of a shared inheritance from Proto-Afro-Asiatic. Nevertheless, the function of these conjugations in the respective language families is quite distinct. This article argues that ultimately this suffix conjugation is a predicative suffix in the common ancestor of Berber and Semitic, and moreover shows that Semitic and Berber have significant overlap in the stem formations of adjectives. It is argued that these formations must likewise be reconstructed for their common ancestor. Show less
본고는 통일의식 연구에서 그동안 활용되지않았던 컨조인트 분석(conjoint analysis)을통해 한국 국민의 통일방식을 더 세부적이고정밀하게 측정하는 데 목적을 둔다. 통일의식을 측정하는 기존 연구 방법론은 직접 단답형다항 선택식 문항으로 통일의 필요성, 시기, 통일관, 통일한반도의 정치체제 등 최종 체제에 관한 질문으로 측정해왔다. 그런데 각... Show more본고는 통일의식 연구에서 그동안 활용되지않았던 컨조인트 분석(conjoint analysis)을통해 한국 국민의 통일방식을 더 세부적이고정밀하게 측정하는 데 목적을 둔다. 통일의식을 측정하는 기존 연구 방법론은 직접 단답형다항 선택식 문항으로 통일의 필요성, 시기, 통일관, 통일한반도의 정치체제 등 최종 체제에 관한 질문으로 측정해왔다. 그런데 각 변수 내 선택지에 대한 선호 혹은 비선호의 강도를 측정할 수 없었기에 어느 조건이 더 중요하게 여겨지는지 알 수 없었다. 따라서 기존 조사 결과를 활용한 복합적 정책 설계는 한계가존재한다. 본 연구는 컨조인트 분석이라는 실험적 조사설계를 활용하여 통일 후의 정치체제, 북한 지도부 정리, 노동당 당원 정리, 남한기업의 북한 경제참여, 북한 지역 군대 주둔문제 등 여러 차원의 속성수준으로 설문지를구성하여 실제 선호도를 도출하고자 한다. 연구 결과는 연합제보다 단일민주 정부에 대한선호, 노동당 당원에 대한 민감한 직위의 배제와 지도부의 기소 등 여러 차원에서 강한 선호가 나타났다. 본 연구는 한국 국민의 통일방안에 대한 구체적인 선호를 보여줌으로써, 통일이 갑작스럽게 이루어질 경우, 통일에 대한 정책설계를 위한 유익한 자료를 제공할 것으로 기대된다. Show less
This study investigates why anti-democratic laws persist in democratic societies, focusing on South Korea's National Security Act (NSA). Enacted in 1948, the NSA restricts freedom of expression and... Show moreThis study investigates why anti-democratic laws persist in democratic societies, focusing on South Korea's National Security Act (NSA). Enacted in 1948, the NSA restricts freedom of expression and movement to deter pro-North Korea behaviour. Despite being at odds with the tenets of liberal democracy, the act remains in place. Existing public opinion data indicates modest to strong support for the law, but measurement concerns leave much to be desired. Using a choice-based conjoint, we test the impact of democratic norms and national security rationales on various policy propositions related to the NSA, including its abolition. Results show widespread support for the Act, driven by both democratic norms and security concerns. Progressives are more likely to support revisions limiting the scope of the Act on the basis that it safeguards democracy, but they agree with conservatives that it should not be abolished. This research contributes to understanding South Korea's post-democratic transition and the balance between national security and democracy more broadly. Show less
Cumhuriyet’in kuruluşunun yüzüncü yılı vesilesiyle, Leiden Üniversitesi Türkiye Çalışmaları ekibi olarak 2019 yılının son çeyreğinde toplu bir eser ortaya koyma kararı aldık. Türünün ilk örneği... Show moreCumhuriyet’in kuruluşunun yüzüncü yılı vesilesiyle, Leiden Üniversitesi Türkiye Çalışmaları ekibi olarak 2019 yılının son çeyreğinde toplu bir eser ortaya koyma kararı aldık. Türünün ilk örneği olarak uzman yazarların okurlara siyasetten ekonomiye, toplumdan kültüre, cinsiyetten sanata kadar geniş bir konu yelpazesinde tarihsel kaynakları tanıttığı ve tartıştığı yüz yazı üzerinden Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinin yüz yıllık serüvenini keşfetme imkânı sağlamak amacıyla yola çıktık. Amacımız, tarihin sayfalarını çevirirken, geçmişin anlarını ve anılarını yeniden canlandıran yasalar, mektuplar, gazete makaleleri, şiirler ve daha fazlası ile, her dönemin farklı atmosferini, geçmişin seslerini ve renklerini yakalamaktı. Ülkenin her anlamda çok yönlü tarihine ışık tutmanın yanı sıra, aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin bugününü ve yarınını anlamak için elzem olan geçmiş söylemlerinden ve imgelerinden bir seçki ortaya koymak gerekliliğini sahiplendik. Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sinin tarihinde derin izler bırakan anlar ve anılar, sadece geçmişin kaybolmuşluğu veya uzak yankıları değil, aynı zamanda bugünü ve yarını da şekillendiren bir bütünün parçaları olarak düşünülmelidir. İşte Leiden Üniversitesi Yayınları’ndan 1 Ekim 2023’te çıkan A Hundred Years of Republican Turkey: A History in a Hundred Fragments kitabımız, bu anları ve anıları yakalamak, bir araya getirmek ve geleceğe taşımak için hazırlandı. Show less
The main Ge‘ez (Classical Ethiopic) verbal adjective is characterized by an ǝ-u vowel melody. Based on cognate evidence, the most basic form of this adjective, 01-stem 1ǝ2u3, derives from a *1a2uː3-.. Show moreThe main Ge‘ez (Classical Ethiopic) verbal adjective is characterized by an ǝ-u vowel melody. Based on cognate evidence, the most basic form of this adjective, 01-stem 1ǝ2u3, derives from a *1a2uː3- pattern and thus shows assimilation of *aCuː > ǝCu. This assimilation does not operate in a set of specialized numerals shaped like 1ä2u3, which should be reconstructed as *1a2u3- with short *u. Short *u also yields Ge‘ez u in the nonaccusative case of the masculine cardinal numerals, like *ɬalaːθtu > śälästu ‘three’; this ending goes back to the Proto-Semitic diptotic nominative. The assimilation of *aCuː > ǝCu, on the other hand, also affected the personal pronoun *huːʔa-tuː > wǝʾǝtu, the perfect of fientive verbs like *gabaruː > gäbru ‘they did’, and the jussive of stative verbs like *yitrapuː > yǝtrǝfu ‘may they remain’. Ə was leveled to other parts of these paradigms, solving several longstanding problems of Ge‘ez morphology. Show less
Vicherat Mattar, D.; Thrivikraman, J.; Burgos Martinez, E.E. 2023
This article studies tombstones from eighth- to tenth- century CE Egypt that are designed to mark the grave of a Muslim slave. These funerary inscriptions are unusual in that they do not... Show moreThis article studies tombstones from eighth- to tenth- century CE Egypt that are designed to mark the grave of a Muslim slave. These funerary inscriptions are unusual in that they do not marginalize the enslaved as much as do other early Islamic sources. Furthermore, they reveal otherwise undocumented attitudes towards persons who died as slaves. Offering a thick description of an unpublished tombstone for a ninth-century concubine-mother (umm walad), the present article analyses tombstones for slaves from two perspectives. It first studies the representation of the enslaved and the specific terminology that tombstones used to designate the deceased as enslaved. It then turns to the commemorative context of tombstones, arguing that tombstones of slaves served similar purposes and used similar illocutionary strategies to those used by contemporary tombstones for free Muslims. Despite these similarities between tombstones of free and enslaved persons, we see that deceased slaves were commemorated as members of the Muslim community as well as the legal property of their owners. Show less
Migrant entrepreneurship is viewed as a pathway to substantive social integration, one that makes host countries more prosperous in the process. Accordingly, scholars have studied the social... Show moreMigrant entrepreneurship is viewed as a pathway to substantive social integration, one that makes host countries more prosperous in the process. Accordingly, scholars have studied the social context in which migrant entrepreneurs operate, and considered at length the range of policy options that governments can use to support their activities. Conversely, the issue of public attitudes to policies that support migrant entrepreneurship has been largely neglected. Leveraging the case of North Korean migrant entrepreneurs in South Korea, this article fills this gap in the literature by examining how the structure of government support within a broader “policy mix” for migrant entrepreneurship policies acts on public attitudes. Overall, it finds South Koreans are most supportive of migrant entrepreneurship policies endorsed and paid for by large companies through corporate taxation or loans to the individual, rather than the state, and which have a target goal of employment support for profitable migrant-run firms or joint ventures run by teams of natives and migrants. Notably, policies explicitly justified as tools to address discrimination actively discourage support. The specifics of the Korean case show that determinants of native hostility toward migrants apply to migrant entrepreneurship even when ethnic differences and many of the institutional barriers that apply in other cases do not exist, suggesting that ethnicity is not a major motivating factor; economic rationality and what is “good for South Korea” are. Show less
The Bibi Khanum Congregational Mosque is the largest Timurid monument in Samarqand. Com-missioned by Timur himself after his military campaign in India in 1399, the architecture of themosque can be... Show moreThe Bibi Khanum Congregational Mosque is the largest Timurid monument in Samarqand. Com-missioned by Timur himself after his military campaign in India in 1399, the architecture of themosque can be interpreted as a visual representation of Timur’s ambitions to surpass the archi-tectural achievements of the preceding Islamic dynasties. Striving for political legitimacy beyondthe legacy of Chinggis Khan, Timur imitated and even e xceeded the monumental scale of the ar-chitectural ensembles in the Ilkhanid capitals of Tabriz and Sultaniyya. In an attempt to ensurethe continuity of the Timurid dynasty, Timur’s successors adopted Yuan iconography and visualvocabulary so as to forge an ancestral and artistic genealogy that directly related the Timuridswith the Mongols via the aesthetic legacy of the Ilkhanids and the Yuan. Their cultural pr oductionthus secured the continuity of the Timurid royal patrons as just successors of Chinggis Khan. Show less
