This paper gives an outline for a research project to study the historical and actual functioning of the so-called traditional social security system in Swaziland and its relationship with... Show moreThis paper gives an outline for a research project to study the historical and actual functioning of the so-called traditional social security system in Swaziland and its relationship with processes of socioeconomic differentiation and nuclearization. The traditional social security system is defined here as the set of traditional institutions that is based on a principle of economic solidarity. This system provides, by the transfer of factors of production, goods and money, a subsistence base to those who could otherwise not reach subsistence level because of old age, invalidity, sickness, death, unemployment, maternity, lack of factors of production, employment injury and pregnancy. In this way it ensures the survival of the homestead. This set of institutions functions between economic units (households) within a homestead or between households of different homesteads. In most cases the institutions are based on kin relationships, although some are based on alliance, on friendship or on systems of mutual help. The first chapter deals with processes of change and traditional structures in sub-Saharan Africa: a Marxist interpretation. In chapter 2 the case of Swaziland is described. Show less
The creation of the ONCPB (Office national de commercialisation des produits de base) in 1976 was a turning point in the history of government regulation of agricultural marketing in Cameroon. It... Show moreThe creation of the ONCPB (Office national de commercialisation des produits de base) in 1976 was a turning point in the history of government regulation of agricultural marketing in Cameroon. It went a long way in unifying and harmonizing the marketing arrangements in francophone and anglophone Cameroon. The ONCPB received legal powers to regulate and control the marketing of five export crops: cocoa, coffee, cotton, groundnuts and palm kernels. These powers do not dictate a standard pattern for ONCPB participation in marketing. Its commercial activities vary from crop to crop and between anglophone and francophone Cameroon, revealing a flexibility which seems characteristic for the Cameroonian authorities. ONCPB's collaboration with private enterprise, operating under licence, is noted for its close and vigilant supervision; relations between cooperative enterprise and the ONCPB are more relaxed but also require frequent negotiations and detailed agreement. Show less
De aandacht gaat met name uit naar de ontwikkeling van de infrastructuur. Daarbij wordt nagegaan in hoeverre de bestaande concepten van transportontwikkeling in (West-)Afrika de Togolese processen... Show moreDe aandacht gaat met name uit naar de ontwikkeling van de infrastructuur. Daarbij wordt nagegaan in hoeverre de bestaande concepten van transportontwikkeling in (West-)Afrika de Togolese processen kunnen helpen verklaren. Show less
In 1976 a start was made with the setting up of a system of district planning based on consultation with the people at the village level. The intention was to replace a system of purely "top-down"... Show moreIn 1976 a start was made with the setting up of a system of district planning based on consultation with the people at the village level. The intention was to replace a system of purely "top-down" planning with a system including strong elements of "bottom-up" planning. The present report describes the changes that took place between 1976 and 1980. It focusses on the integration at the district level of information from the consultation into the planning process. The linking of planning with consultation as a basis for the wider development of nonformal education in Botswana is also considered. In Botswana, the district planning system has developed a social services infrastructure focus and within these boundaries the district planning system does work. But it does not work when it comes to tackling Botswana's main problems - the increasing rural impoverishment and lack of productive employment for most Botswana. Show less
Sum.: In the West African countries of the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, cooperative societies are involved in buying coffee and cocoa from farmers. These cooperatives do not always pay... Show moreSum.: In the West African countries of the Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, cooperative societies are involved in buying coffee and cocoa from farmers. These cooperatives do not always pay exactly the producers' price as it is set by the respective governments. These deviations from the producers' price differ according to the conditions under which cooperatives function. Three conditions, that, taken together, have a negative effect on the prices paid to the farmers, are the following: (a) When cooperatives are grouped in extensive, nation-wide organizations, of which the management cannot be effectively controlled by the farmers; (b) When governments have failed to set up effective control over management or accountancy over the cooperative organization; (c) When governments have granted a buying monopoly to the cooperatives and have excluded private traders from buying produce. Show less
Sum.: The West African governments fix annual producers' prices for most kinds of export produce. These prices, which are considerably lower than the corresponding world market prices, have to be... Show moreSum.: The West African governments fix annual producers' prices for most kinds of export produce. These prices, which are considerably lower than the corresponding world market prices, have to be paid by produce buyers, when they buy from farmers. This study reports on research done among the cocoa and coffee farmers in four West African countries (Cameroon, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, and Nigeria) in 1979 and 1980. The author investigated on the spot whether the farmers received the official producers' price and, if not, what kind of deviations occurred and how large they were. The author found that on the whole the producers' price system was effective but there were also deviations, negative as well as positive. These deviations are discussed and presented in tables. They are expressed as percentages of the producers' price to allow comparisons for countries and crops. Show less
This paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section... Show moreThis paper attempts to assess to what extent the growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and widespread economic development. The first section reviews the general arguments of development theory to promote industrial development in Third World countries. The second section deals with the pros and cons of the 'import-substitution' policy, which was adopted to speed up the growth of the manufacturing sector. The last section brings together relevant research findings concerning the effects of this policy on the structure of the manufacturing sector, employment creation, income distribution and the operations of multinational firms in Kenya. The conclusion is that the type of industrialisation that has occured has not led to 'a structural transformation' of the Kenyan economy. Import-substitution has not lessened Kenya's external dependency, but has merely changed its nature Show less
Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal, E.A.B. van; Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal-Baerends, E.A. van 1982
Cette étude aborde la question de l'acquisition de droits sur la terre, tels que ceux-ci ont été mis au grand jour au cours du développement et du réglement d'un litige portant sur l'utilisation d... Show moreCette étude aborde la question de l'acquisition de droits sur la terre, tels que ceux-ci ont été mis au grand jour au cours du développement et du réglement d'un litige portant sur l'utilisation d'une parcelle située dans la ville de N'zara, chef-lieu de la circonscription de Mango, dans le nord du Togo. Après une présentation détaillée des antécédents, qui expose en particulier les relations sociales unissant les deux parties (le propriétaire et l'utilisateur du terrain), les auteurs dévrivent la manière dont le litige est réglé, une première fois par l'autorité coutumière suprême de la localité (le Chef Supérieur), en 1971, et une deuxième fois par le Juge de Paix, en 1972. Cette description est suivie d'un aperçu des événements locaux qui se déroulent jusque'en 1978 et qui influent sur l'évolution de litige. Dans le situation présente, on voit l'application de différents systèmes juridiques par différentes instances judiciaires qui représentent divers systèmes de droit, et l'emploi sélectif de moyens judiciaires par les justiciables. Show less
This medium-sized irrigation project was one of the schemes undertaken to bring about structural changes in the colonial export economy and to bridge regional inequalities. The paper aims to... Show moreThis medium-sized irrigation project was one of the schemes undertaken to bring about structural changes in the colonial export economy and to bridge regional inequalities. The paper aims to demonstrate first why producers of use-values and migrant labourers should be transformed into producers of commodities and how this transformation was achieved. It then tries to explain the reasons for the consequent various changes in the organisation of cash crop production in the project and to analyse the various ways peasants' labour is controlled and exploited. Finally it shows reaction and action of peasants on the loss of control over the means of production, the production process and the terms of exchange. Show less
Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal-Baerends, E.A.; Rouveroy Van Nieuwaal, E.A.B. van 1981
Les auteurs présentent leurs idées sur le sens de la conciliation dans le cadre du réglement d'un litige, afin de poser ainsi les premiers jalons d'une éventuelle étude comparative des procédures... Show moreLes auteurs présentent leurs idées sur le sens de la conciliation dans le cadre du réglement d'un litige, afin de poser ainsi les premiers jalons d'une éventuelle étude comparative des procédures de conciliation dans diverses sociétés. Show less
Une première exploration, limitée à quelques pays africains et européens. De la relation entre l'État et la langue deux aspects juridiques sont traités: les possibilités de participation pour le... Show moreUne première exploration, limitée à quelques pays africains et européens. De la relation entre l'État et la langue deux aspects juridiques sont traités: les possibilités de participation pour le citoyen et la protection offerte par l'État aux habitants qui parlent une langue autre que la langue officielle. Show less
Investigates the direct effects of modern transport on advance into the interior, structure and organization, and withdrawal from the interior in the 1950s and 1960s of these firms. A revised... Show moreInvestigates the direct effects of modern transport on advance into the interior, structure and organization, and withdrawal from the interior in the 1950s and 1960s of these firms. A revised edition of this article in: Cahiers d'études africaines, 21 (1981), 84, p. 547-575. Show less
A partir d'une "étude de cas" au niveau micro, cet article se propose de montrer la nature des relations qui existent entre, d'une part, les paysans (notammant ceux de Birkama, village balante de... Show moreA partir d'une "étude de cas" au niveau micro, cet article se propose de montrer la nature des relations qui existent entre, d'une part, les paysans (notammant ceux de Birkama, village balante de Casamance, Sud-Sénégal), d'autre part, le capitalisme et l'Etat. L'auteur prend comme point de départ une activité subsidiaire, la pêche des crevettes. A partir de la situation conflictuelle (comprenant les mouvements de grève) qui est apparue en 1975 dans l'industrie de la pêche des crevettes en Casamance, une analyse est faite sur la nature complexe et constamment changeante des relations existantes entre les diverses classes (paysans et pêcheurs, industrie, intermediaires et représentants du gouvernement). Show less
Paper presented at the 34th annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, section: Anthropological contributions to the study of migration, Amsterdam, 19-22 March 1975 Abridged abstract:... Show morePaper presented at the 34th annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, section: Anthropological contributions to the study of migration, Amsterdam, 19-22 March 1975 Abridged abstract: Antagonism between older and younger men constitutes a striking feature of a rural community in post-independent Zambia. In the local political processes surrounding the 1973 Zambia general elections, a small group of young men organised themselves within a framework suggested by national party politics, and attempted (with unexpected support from the elders) to construct a youth-centred social order which could dissolve the intergenerational struggle while presenting a blue-print for rural reconstruction. The present paper attempts to interpret these data, in particular as the outcome of a process of social change shaped mainly by labour migration. It examines the pre-colonial career model, changes in rural leadership under colonial rule, the emergence of an urban career model, the changing status of rural youth, ideological change in the colonial era, and the post-independent situation Show less
