The EU has powerful enforcement mechanisms to curb democratic backsliding and support the rule of law in its member states. While (the threat of) enforcement is necessary, sanctions might be... Show moreThe EU has powerful enforcement mechanisms to curb democratic backsliding and support the rule of law in its member states. While (the threat of) enforcement is necessary, sanctions might be difficult to accept as legitimate when they hurt a citizen's country. We study the perceived legitimacy of EU enforcement actions. We develop hypotheses about the influence of national identity, party support, procedural fairness, descriptive norm prevalence, and the likely effects of the sanctions on the future of cooperation. These hypotheses are tested with a survey experiment administered to a nationally-representative sample in Poland. The focus is on the substantial financial sanctions imposed by the EU concerning judicial independence. The results show that exclusive national identity, the perceived importance of the rule of law, support for European integration and party support are strongly associated with perceived legitimacy. Providing information about the prevalence of public support for judicial independence in the country increases significantly the perceived legitimacy of enforcement actions. We find no evidence for effects of arguments about Polexit, future deterrence effects of the sanctions or their procedural (un)fairness. EU sanctions might not lead to further backlash among the domestic public, but they are unlikely to generate public pressure for reforms. Show less
Dit briefadvies maakt eerst kort de balans op van twee jaar oorlog. Vervolgens constateert de Raad dat de westerse consensus brozer wordt, dat er kantelpunten in zicht zijn en dat een langdurige... Show moreDit briefadvies maakt eerst kort de balans op van twee jaar oorlog. Vervolgens constateert de Raad dat de westerse consensus brozer wordt, dat er kantelpunten in zicht zijn en dat een langdurige patstelling dreigt. De vraag naar een adequate Nederlandse opstelling dient zich aan, ook voor de nieuw aan te treden regering. Het adviesrapport benadrukt de noodzaak van onverminderde Nederlandse en Europese steun aan Oekraïne en geeft aan dat Nederland zich proactiever moet voorbereiden op verschillende scenario’s voor de oorlog in Oekraïne en actief dient te streven naar de meest wenselijke uitkomsten, waaronder een overwinning voor Oekraïne of een sterke onderhandelingspositie voor het land.Het advies bespreekt daarna zes thema’s in meer detail: 1) de Europese veiligheidsarchitectuur; 2) de Europese defensie-industrie; 3) het perspectief op Oekraïens EU-lidmaatschap; 4) Oekraïne’s wederopbouw; 5) de gevolgen van de oorlog voor het mondiale Zuiden; en 6) weerbaarheid en draagvlak. Deze bespreking leidt tot een korte conclusie en een zestal aanbevelingen. Show less
This study examines how motivational signals in job advertisements relate to public employers’ recruitment success, testing hypotheses derived from signalling theory and person – environment fit... Show moreThis study examines how motivational signals in job advertisements relate to public employers’ recruitment success, testing hypotheses derived from signalling theory and person – environment fit theory. We combine job advertisements collected via web crawling with matched survey data on the recruitment process (1,863 recruiters), capturing Germany’s public sector job market. Using quantitative text analysis, we identify motivational signals in the job advertisements and analyse to what extent they relate to indicators of recruitment success. Results show that prosocial signals positively relate to a higher quality of applications and a more qualified selected candidate. By contrast, extrinsic and intrinsic motivational signals did not exhibit statistically significant effects. Show less
The vulnerability of chemical and process facilities toward physical security attacks depends on the equipment resistance against such attacks and on the performance of Physical Protection Systems ... Show moreThe vulnerability of chemical and process facilities toward physical security attacks depends on the equipment resistance against such attacks and on the performance of Physical Protection Systems (PPS) in place. To enhance the protection against intentional attacks, the development of quantitative vulnerability metrics is essential, nevertheless current standard approaches only offer qualitative or semi-quantitative evaluations. The aim of the present work is to develop a quantitative methodology for the assessment of chemical and process facilities vulnerability towards external acts of interference. The proposed methodology is based both on the evaluation of equipment structural integrity in response to different types of specific impact vectors characterizing intentional attacks and on the quantitative performance assessment of related PPS. In particular, specific fragility models were developed for impact vectors associated with improvised explosive devices, firearms, and incendiary weapons. The novel fragility models were implemented in a comprehensive security vulnerability assessment (SVA) based on Bayesian Networks, in which the contribution of PPS performance was also considered. A case study was defined and analyzed to exemplify the application of the proposed approach. The results obtained allowed for the identification of the most critical security-related escalation scenarios and thus for an improved quantitative SVA. Show less
Kuipers, S; Perlstein, S.; Wolbers, J.; Jong, W. 2023
Communication has always been key to crisis management research, but even more so in recent years, from multiple disciplinary angles. In this bibliometric study and review of the literature, we aim... Show moreCommunication has always been key to crisis management research, but even more so in recent years, from multiple disciplinary angles. In this bibliometric study and review of the literature, we aim to identify different clusters of crisis communication research in the literature and whether and how much these crisis communication research clusters overlap. With different fields taking an interest in crisis communication, we ask ourselves where the interests of these fields overlap, and to what extent the different communities are aware of each other's work. Apart from offering an overview of topical clusters in crisis communication research and connections between those clusters of studies on crisis communication, we identify and explain two main approaches to crisis communication: a political or accusatory approach, and a functional or assistory approach. We conclude in our study and discussion that these approaches may need to broaden their research horizons to ensure the applicability of crisis communication strategies beyond the countries, media platforms, and audience orientations that have predominantly shaped the existing research landscape Show less
De afgelopen jaren werd Nederland geconfronteerd met een toename van aanslagen door de georganiseerde misdaad op objecten en personen die geen onderdeel uitmaken van criminele netwerken. Tegen deze... Show moreDe afgelopen jaren werd Nederland geconfronteerd met een toename van aanslagen door de georganiseerde misdaad op objecten en personen die geen onderdeel uitmaken van criminele netwerken. Tegen deze achtergrond wordt door politici en journalisten steeds vaker de term narcoterrorisme gebruikt. In dit artikel wordt de herkomst van deze term onderzocht en gekeken in welke mate deze past bij de situatie in Nederland met betrekking tot de georganiseerde misdaad. Daarnaast worden de voor- en nadelen benoemd van het gebruik van deze term in het maatschappelijke en wetenschappelijke debat. Tot slot reflecteren we op de politieke aandacht voor dit geweld en de impact daarvan op de democratische rechtsorde. Show less
A core idea of bureaucratic organizations is that rule-following is a necessary precondition to pursue the publicinterest. However, rules may sometimes become dysfunc-tional, burdensome, and even... Show moreA core idea of bureaucratic organizations is that rule-following is a necessary precondition to pursue the publicinterest. However, rules may sometimes become dysfunc-tional, burdensome, and even interfere with public valuedelivery. In those situations, professionals sometimesengage in prosocial rule-breaking (PSRB), rather than rule-following, with the aim to deliver meaningful public ser-vices. This article examines leadership encouragement andpsychological safety as antecedents of PSRB behavior. Datafrom two waves of a multi-source dataset consisting of pro-fessionals' self-reported PSRB behavior and psychologicalsafety (n=837 and 965 respondents) and their supervisor-reported encouragement for PSRB behavior (n=58 and64 respondents) is used. Findings point to a positive rela-tionship between psychological safety and PSRB. Moreover,the study partly supports the hypothesis that leadershipencouragement is associated with higher levels of PSRB,but only under conditions of high psychological safety. Show less
The "Cyber Security by Integrated Design" (C-SIDE) project aims to build a comprehensive tool to help software developers integrate all relevant angles related to legal, policy, governance,... Show moreThe "Cyber Security by Integrated Design" (C-SIDE) project aims to build a comprehensive tool to help software developers integrate all relevant angles related to legal, policy, governance, organisational, behavioural and technical views in software system security design. Part of the project consists of the re-conceptualization of security by design beyond the walls of technology. This report presents the results of a workshop held in Leiden (the Netherlands) experts in software development discussing the concept of SbD. The report offers a critical analysis of the current definition of SbD, an assessment of statements to foster a revision of the SbD concept, and considerations for a future proposal of an updated definition of SbD. Show less
While the importance of reducing meat loss and waste is acknowledged due to its substantial environmental impacts, the aspect of animal welfare largely remains unaddressed. The suffering and death... Show moreWhile the importance of reducing meat loss and waste is acknowledged due to its substantial environmental impacts, the aspect of animal welfare largely remains unaddressed. The suffering and death that is inflicted on animals to produce food that is never eaten remains invisible. This study aims to bridge the gap between food loss and waste (FLW) accounting literature and animal welfare considerations. It achieves this by estimating the number of animal lives embodied in meat loss and waste of six major meat-producing species along the food supply chain and by modelling three potential reduction scenarios. It shows that approximately 18 billion animal lives were embodied in losses and waste of global meat production and consumption in 2019. The scenarios reveal that wasted and lost animal lives could be reduced by 7.9 billion if best regional efficiencies were mainstreamed, and by 4.2 or 8.8 billion if Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 was implemented, achieving a 50% loss and waste reduction in the downstream or whole supply chain, respectively. Considering species specific conscience and sentience, and previous recommendations, the analysis finds leverage points for change at the consumption stage in developed, high-income countries, in Industrialized Asia, judging by absolute, and in North America and Oceania, judging by per-capita numbers, as well as in top countries of FLW and animal life loss. It further identifies trade-offs for animal welfare between reducing FLW of different meat types, especially chicken and beef, and reducing production-based losses while keeping emissions and resource use low and supporting food security. Show less
Recente onderzoeken laten ten slotte zien dat naast politici veel andere beroepsgroepen, zoals journalisten, togadragers en advocaten, de afgelopen jaren in toenemende mate met intimidatie en ... Show moreRecente onderzoeken laten ten slotte zien dat naast politici veel andere beroepsgroepen, zoals journalisten, togadragers en advocaten, de afgelopen jaren in toenemende mate met intimidatie en (doods)bedreigingen te maken krijgen. Dat leidt ertoe dat zij in sommige gevallen hun werk niet meer goed kunnen of willen uitvoeren. In de ergste gevallen zijn de bedreigingen aanleiding om in het stelsel bewaken en beveiligen te worden opgenomen. In het licht van deze ontwikkelingen is het interessant om te bestuderen in welke mate politieke partijen in de verkiezingsprogramma’s van 2023 aandacht besteden aan het stelsel bewaken en beveiligen. Het is aannemelijk dat het stelsel de politiek niet onberoerd laat, omdat het politici zelf niet onberoerd raakt.Om die reden heeft het onderzoeksproject Bewaken en Beveiligen van Universiteit Leiden een analyse gemaakt van de verschillende partijprogramma’s om te bestuderen in welke mate het stelsel, zowel direct als indirect, aandacht krijgt. Conclusie: vrijwel elke partij onderschrijft dat het vrije woord en de rechtsstaat in Nederland onder druk staat. Desondanks is het stelsel bewaken en beveiligen voor sommige partijen een topprioriteit, en voor andere partijen een non-issue. Show less
Rhôn, R.R.; Abeelen, M. van; Masoliver, C.E.; Land, S.W. van 't; Bakker, E.; Buuren, G.M. van; Hofkamp, R. 2023
In deze editie van de Verdieping wordt er onder andere aandacht besteed aan de moord op de Ecuadoraanse politicus Fernando Villavicencio. Renato Rivera Rhôn blikt terug op de moord en de kritiek op... Show moreIn deze editie van de Verdieping wordt er onder andere aandacht besteed aan de moord op de Ecuadoraanse politicus Fernando Villavicencio. Renato Rivera Rhôn blikt terug op de moord en de kritiek op de tekortkomingen in de beveiligingsmaatregelen rond de presidentskandidaat. De nieuwe circulaire bewaken en beveiligen wordt toegelicht door beleidsmedewerker Mireille van Abeelen. Caitlin Masoliver en Stijn Willem van ‘t Land beschouwen nieuwe contraterrorismewetgeving in Engeland (Martyn’s Law)en de gevolgendaarvan voor de beveiliging van evenementenlocaties in dat land. Verdere bijdragen gaan over de implicaties van (counter)dronetechnologie voor het stelsel bewaken en beveiligen, opbrengsten van de Leergang Bewaken en Beveiligen, politieke aandacht voor het stelsel in het licht van de landelijke verkiezingen van 2023, en het oplaaiende bendegeweld in Zweden.De Verdieping Bewaken en Beveiligen brengt verdieping aan op actuele gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen gerelateerd aan het stelsel Bewaken en Beveiligen. Deze Verdieping wordt aangeboden aan experts die werkzaam zijn bij de stelselpartners en de ketenpartners van het stelsel. Daarnaast wordt dit product aangeboden aan geïnteresseerden in een bredere kring rond het stelsel, waaronder academici, journalisten en politici. Show less
Several critics have argued that private prisons are not only problematic because of their worse efects but also intrinsically wrong. This article analyzes two prominent arguments for this claim:... Show moreSeveral critics have argued that private prisons are not only problematic because of their worse efects but also intrinsically wrong. This article analyzes two prominent arguments for this claim: the representation argument and the condemnation argument. The conclusion is that these arguments fail to show that there is something intrinsically wrong about private prisons. This is especially true if the arguments are extended to non-proft private prisons under social injustice contexts that states are responsible for. In such cases, non-proft private prisons might not only be on a par with public prisons but be preferable to them. However, the arguments are also insufcient to oppose every conceivable for-proft private prison. Show less
Purpose: Immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment following HIV infection is a cornerstone of the current HIV ‘universal test and treat’ approach. Delayed progress along the HIV care... Show morePurpose: Immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment following HIV infection is a cornerstone of the current HIV ‘universal test and treat’ approach. Delayed progress along the HIV care continuum is thus framed as a major stumbling block in effective HIV epidemic control. Through examining the HIV care trajectories of people diagnosed with HIV in Shinyanga Region, Tanzania, we offer a critical interrogation of the HIV care continuum. Methods: Data are drawn from a social science study on the uptake of a ‘treat all’ model of HIV prevention and care conducted from 2018 to 2019. Methods included interviews with participants who tested positive (n = 30) and interviews (n = 25) with health staff involved in the testing campaigns.Findings: Exploring individuals’ care trajectories, we found that most participants followed pathways to care that do not easily align with the current emphasis on rapid, linear progress from testing to treatment initiation. Instead, participants’ trajectories from diagnosis to treatment happened on a different, non-linear time scale mediated through social relations and diverse communities of care. We thus conceptualize five pathways of linkage to care - virtuous/immediate, delayed testing, repeat testing, negotiated, and ‘failed’.Conclusion: Based on our findings we propose a community-centered HIV care continuum that exposes moments of potential connection with or rupture from the health system and centers the importance of social support structures and forms of relational labor involving broader communities of care. Show less
Krupnik, S.; Szczucka, A.; Wozniak, M.; Pattyn, V.E. 2023
Qualitative comparative analysis is gradually becoming more established in the evaluation field. The purpose of this article is to highlight the potential for evaluation research of engaging in... Show moreQualitative comparative analysis is gradually becoming more established in the evaluation field. The purpose of this article is to highlight the potential for evaluation research of engaging in consecutive rounds of this analysis. This is possible when approaching qualitative comparative analysis as a systematic strategy for configurational theorizing. To substantiate this potential, we present two evaluation studies on Research and Development subsidies for companies in Poland. Compared with the results of the first study, the findings of the subsequent consecutive qualitative comparative analysis studies were much more nuanced and helped in developing a full-fledged configurational program theory. In addition to elaborating on the strengths of a consecutive qualitative comparative analysis approach and the relevance of configurational program theories for evaluators, this article shares the main lessons learned in overcoming challenges common to such designs. Thus, concrete guidance is offered to researchers and evaluators who are willing to take configurational theorizing seriously. Show less
