The study was about the economic impact of covid-19 lockdown and the sustenance of commercial motorcycle operators in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to compare the... Show moreThe study was about the economic impact of covid-19 lockdown and the sustenance of commercial motorcycle operators in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to compare the economic position of respondents during the compulsory stay at home order relative to what it was before lockdown. The study was a descriptive survey where questionnaire administration and focus group discussions were employed in order to get necessary information that was used for this study. Results from the study had it that the commercial motorcycle operators made a living within their income earning capacity in their transport operations before the COVID-19 pandemic days. However, due to the lockdown their economic life had been greatly affected because income plunged to zero; this has consistently thrown them into poverty. It was observed that the longer the lockdown, the deeper they are submerged into further depth of poverty. Respondents already concluded that it is certain that some routine basic economic activities that they indulge in cannot resume as soon as the lockdown is eased. This study therefore recommends that government should see to how they can subsidize tuition fee payment for school children as soon as schools resume. This hopefully will minimize idleness which if not look into may lead to breeding social miscreants in the face of inability of parents to quickly raise tuition fees. Show less
Endocytosis is a crucial mechanism for the cell to maintain homeostasis. By vesicular transport the cell is able to take up cargo from the cell surface, send molecules to the plasma membrane for... Show moreEndocytosis is a crucial mechanism for the cell to maintain homeostasis. By vesicular transport the cell is able to take up cargo from the cell surface, send molecules to the plasma membrane for excretion or to regulate positioning of internalized cargo in the cell. This thesis describes the regulation of transport complexes associated to these vesicles that determines their movement in the cell. Through recruitment of RAB7GAP the GTPase Rab7 can be removed from the vesicular membrane, allowing for transport mediated by another GTPase called Arl8b.The second part of this thesis focusses on the bacterium Salmonella which manipulates the endosomal system in order to create a niche that supports its own survival. By excretion of effector molecules Salmonella imodulates the membrane content of vesicles and thereby prevents its own lysosomal degradation. This allows Salmonella to create a Salmonella containing vesicle compartment that benefits its own survival in the host cell. This thesis describes how release of these effector molecules can support transformation of host cells. These results explain the strrong correlation between gallbladder cancer and chronic S. Typhi infections observed in patients from countries like India, where S. Typhi infections are still common. Show less
This article is a historical study of a 'motor road' linking the north of the Gold Coast (present day Ghana) to the South. Historians concerned with routes and trade in nineteenth century Gold... Show moreThis article is a historical study of a 'motor road' linking the north of the Gold Coast (present day Ghana) to the South. Historians concerned with routes and trade in nineteenth century Gold Coast usually end their accounts at the onset of colonial rule. While studies that concentrate on transport development in modern periods make little reference to the motor road linking Kumasi to Tamale and beyond. Difficulty in communication between the north and the south of Gold Coast, led to the construction of the Great North Road. Northern labourers, the majority of them Dargarti, Frafra, Vagla, Kanjarga (Builsa) among others played a critical role in the road construction. Women also played an important part in the construction as they ensured that food was prepared for the labourers without which it would have been impossible for work to go on. In 1920, the road was completed and the first motor vehicle driven by the then Governor Guggisberg arrived in Tamale in April of that year. The Great North road aside facilitating the work of administrators, also played a significant role in moving a variety of trade goods such as cattle, goats, fowls, Shea butter, corn, groundnuts and migrants to the south. The north also received southern goods especially salt and beer and other European products such as soap, sugar, cloths, bicycles among others. The opportunities offered by the road in terms of ease of travel and trade encouraged the development of settlements on the road and the urban expansion of Salaga and Tamale. Show less
This dissertation is about northerners within an urban setting in Ghana. It discusses the processes by which Alhaji Braimah, the unelected but recognised chief and spokesman of northerners in... Show moreThis dissertation is about northerners within an urban setting in Ghana. It discusses the processes by which Alhaji Braimah, the unelected but recognised chief and spokesman of northerners in Accra, was able to utilise British colonial urban policy in Accra to establish a community called Tudu. Tudu became an urban space where northerners not only lived but also engaged in economic activities, especially transport and trade. By combining the analysis of social relations, history and individual biography, the book contributes to our understanding of the role of northerners in Accra and how they contributed to the economic development and physical establishment of the city. Show less
Focusing on the relationship between people and transport, this paper presents an overview of the manner in which transport was organized before and after the introduction of the motor vehicle in... Show moreFocusing on the relationship between people and transport, this paper presents an overview of the manner in which transport was organized before and after the introduction of the motor vehicle in what has become the central African State of Zambia. It describes the forms of human muscle powered transport that existed prior to the introduction of mechanized transport, such as portage and waterborne transport, as well as the use of animal traction outside the tsetse fly belts. It further deals with the use of steam (trains), bicycles, and motorcycles before discussing the implications of the introduction of motor vehicles for central African societies. The paper concludes that Zambian rural impoverishment in the course of the 1920s and 1930s was a consequence of a change in the modes of transport and the collapse of long-distance trading networks based on human labour power. [ASC Leiden abstract] Show less
Het doel van deze studie is om de effecten van de functionele en bestuurlijke integratie van de regio Savanes in Noord-Togo in een grotere eenheid voor de bestaanswijze in de regio te analyseren,... Show moreHet doel van deze studie is om de effecten van de functionele en bestuurlijke integratie van de regio Savanes in Noord-Togo in een grotere eenheid voor de bestaanswijze in de regio te analyseren, waarbij de bestaanswijze in Kantindi als voorbeeld dient. De functionele integratie van de Savanes in de Westafrikaanse handelseconomie liep parallel met de bestuurlijke integratie van de regio in de Togolese staat. Wat betreft de functionele integratie wordt met name de specialisatie van de regio op het terrein van marktintegratie en arbeidsmigratie geanalyseerd. Daarnaast wordt aandacht besteed aan de ontwikkeling van infrastructuur, omdat die een belangrijke voorwaarde is voor functionele integratie. Om de gevolgen van de overheidsactiviteiten op lokaal niveau te beoordelen worden de vormen van bestuur, de reacties van de boeren en de gevolgen voor de sociale differentiatie onderzocht. Show less
In diesem Artikel wird erörtert, auf welche Weise die kolonialräumliche Struktur des deutschen Schutzgebietes Togo zustande gekommen ist, weil die Entwicklungen in dieser Periode von Togos... Show more In diesem Artikel wird erörtert, auf welche Weise die kolonialräumliche Struktur des deutschen Schutzgebietes Togo zustande gekommen ist, weil die Entwicklungen in dieser Periode von Togos Geschichte (1884-1914) die räumliche Struktur Togos bis nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg bestimmt haben. Inbesondere wird ein wichtiges Element in dieser Struktur betrachtet: die Entwicklung der Infrastruktur. Die Entwicklung der Infrastruktur in Togo war mit einfer Vergrösserung der Exportproduktionsgebiete und einer Zunehmenden Marktintegration der Bevölkerung verbunden. Die Infrastrukturenentwicklung trug zum Ausbau oder Rückgang der alten Zentren und zur Entstehung neuer bei. Die Entwicklung der kolonialen räumlichen Struktur folgte in erster Linie den Hauptlinien der präkolonialen räumlichen Struktur. Nach einiger Zeit kam allmählich eine Umstrukturierung in Gang. Est ist deutlich, dass die modernen Transportmittel die kolonial-räumliche Umstrukturierung nicht veranlasst, wohl aber beschleunigt haben. Show less
De aandacht gaat met name uit naar de ontwikkeling van de infrastructuur. Daarbij wordt nagegaan in hoeverre de bestaande concepten van transportontwikkeling in (West-)Afrika de Togolese processen... Show moreDe aandacht gaat met name uit naar de ontwikkeling van de infrastructuur. Daarbij wordt nagegaan in hoeverre de bestaande concepten van transportontwikkeling in (West-)Afrika de Togolese processen kunnen helpen verklaren. Show less
Na een korte verkenning van een aantal theoretische concepties, wordt de koloniale en post-koloniale ontwikkeling van de ruimtelijke structuur in Togo geanalyseerd, waarbij met name aandacht wordt... Show moreNa een korte verkenning van een aantal theoretische concepties, wordt de koloniale en post-koloniale ontwikkeling van de ruimtelijke structuur in Togo geanalyseerd, waarbij met name aandacht wordt besteed aan de invloed van de staat op de exportproduktie, op de ontwikkeling van het transportnetwerk en op de arbeidsmigratie. Show less
