Simple Summary: Vulvar tumors are sometimes difficult to distinguish from adjacent healthy tissue during surgery, causing recurrence rates of up to 40% and co-morbidity. Fluorescence-guided surgery... Show moreSimple Summary: Vulvar tumors are sometimes difficult to distinguish from adjacent healthy tissue during surgery, causing recurrence rates of up to 40% and co-morbidity. Fluorescence-guided surgery illuminating neoplastic tissue is increasingly being used to assist surgeons for various types of cancers. As no suitable tracers are known yet for vulvar tumors, we have evaluated which proteins could be targeted for fluorescence-guided surgery. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the distribution of nine membrane proteins in healthy and (pre)malignant tissues that were consequently analyzed using quantitative image analysis. Integrin alpha v beta 6 allowed for the most robust discrimination of VSCCs and adjacent premalignant lesions compared with surrounding healthy tissue. The use of an alpha v beta 6 targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe for FGS of vulvar (pre)malignancies should be evaluated in future studies.Surgical removal of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is associated with significant morbidity and high recurrence rates. This is at least partially related to the limited visual ability to distinguish (pre)malignant from normal vulvar tissue. Illumination of neoplastic tissue based on fluorescent tracers, known as fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), could help resect involved tissue and decrease ancillary mutilation. To evaluate potential targets for FGS in VSCC, immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded premalignant (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia) and VSCC (human papillomavirus (HPV)-dependent and -independent) tissue sections with healthy vulvar skin as controls. Sections were stained for integrin alpha v beta 6, CAIX, CD44v6, EGFR, EpCAM, FR alpha, MRP1, MUC1 and uPAR. The expression of each marker was quantified using digital image analysis. H-scores were calculated and percentages positive cells, expression pattern, and biomarker localization were assessed. In addition, tumor-to-background ratios were established, which were highest for (pre)malignant vulvar tissues stained for integrin alpha v beta 6. In conclusion, integrin alpha v beta 6 allowed for the most robust discrimination of VSCCs and adjacent premalignant lesions compared to surrounding healthy tissue in immunohistochemically stained tissue sections. The use of an alpha v beta 6 targeted near-infrared fluorescent probe for FGS of vulvar (pre)malignancies should be evaluated in future studies. Show less
