Purpose: Current phantoms used for the dose reconstruction of long-term childhood cancer survivors lack individualization. We design a method to predict highly individualized abdominal three... Show morePurpose: Current phantoms used for the dose reconstruction of long-term childhood cancer survivors lack individualization. We design a method to predict highly individualized abdominal three-dimensional (3-D) phantoms automatically.Approach: We train machine learning (ML) models to map (2-D) patient features to 3-D organat-risk (OAR) metrics upon a database of 60 pediatric abdominal computed tomographies with liver and spleen segmentations. Next, we use the models in an automatic pipeline that outputs a personalized phantom given the patient's features, by assembling 3-D imaging from the database. A step to improve phantom realism (i.e., avoid OAR overlap) is included. We compare five ML algorithms, in terms of predicting OAR left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP), inferior-superior (IS) positions, and surface Dice-Sorensen coefficient (sDSC). Furthermore, two existing human-designed phantom construction criteria and two additional control methods are investigated for comparison.Results: Different ML algorithms result in similar test mean absolute errors: similar to 8 mm for liver LR, IS, and spleen AP, IS; similar to 5 mm for liver AP and spleen LR; similar to 80% for abdomen sDSC; and similar to 60% to 65% for liver and spleen sDSC. One ML algorithm (GP-GOMEA) significantly performs the best for 6/9 metrics. The control methods and the human-designed criteria in particular perform generally worse, sometimes substantially (+5-mm error for spleen IS, -10% sDSC for liver). The automatic step to improve realism generally results in limited metric accuracy loss, but fails in one case (out of 60).Conclusion: Our ML-based pipeline leads to phantoms that are significantly and substantially more individualized than currently used human-designed criteria. (C) 2020 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Show less
Willigen, D.M. van; Berg, N.S. van den; Buckle, T.; KleinJan, G.H.; Hardwick, J.C.; Poel, H.G. van der; Leeuwen, F.W.B. van 2017
