Trigonostemon Blume is a plant genus in the family Euphorbiaceae comprising 59 species. These plants are small trees or shrubs growing in the lowland rainforests in Southeast Asia and adjacent... Show moreTrigonostemon Blume is a plant genus in the family Euphorbiaceae comprising 59 species. These plants are small trees or shrubs growing in the lowland rainforests in Southeast Asia and adjacent areas. The small unisexual flowers with colourful petals and the 3 or 5 united stamens are typical characters of the genus. The present thesis studies four aspects of the genus: the taxonomy, pollen morphology, molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography. The species delimitation has been optimised in the taxonomic revisions and the species complexes can now be clearly recognised by morphological characters. Palynological studies reveal strong correlations between pollen and macromorphology in Trigonostemon and these support the infrageneric classification of the genus. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that Trigonostemon and Dimorphocalyx Thwaites are two monophyletic groups and are not closely related, although they are similar in morphology. Furthermore, Trigonostemon is divided into four sections based on molecular and (pollen) morphological data. Finally, the thesis concludes with the historical biogeography of Trigonostemon: it probably originated on Southeast Asian mainland, one lineage later radiated to the Malay Peninsula, and dispersed further eastwards and diversified before the genus reached its current distribution. Show less
This book provides a synchronic description of the phonology, word classes, morphology, and syntax of the Cheke Holo language. Cheke Holo is an Austronesian language of the Oceanic subgroup, spoken... Show moreThis book provides a synchronic description of the phonology, word classes, morphology, and syntax of the Cheke Holo language. Cheke Holo is an Austronesian language of the Oceanic subgroup, spoken by 11,000 speakers on Santa Isabel island in the Solomon Islands. This is the first published grammar of Cheke Holo. It is based on the author’s 30 years of linguistic work carried out among Cheke Holo speakers. Like many other Oceanic languages, Cheke Holo has SVO word order, serial verbs, distinguishes alienable and inalianable possession of nouns, and reduplicates verbs to intensify or prolong the action they denote. Four types of demonstratives are attested in Cheke Holo. Basic distinctions of the demonstratives occur between specificity and number, and whether or not the noun modified is proximal or distal. The two-way distinction of past and non-past is the most useful descriptor for the Cheke Holo tense system. Several features of Cheke Holo phonology and grammar are less typical for an Oceanic language. These include its consonant clusters, the voiceless continuants, the verb nominalizations in four different phonemic environments, and the gender distinction in the third person singular pronouns. The encoding of pragmatic emphasis is a common feature of Cheke Holo grammar. Show less
Jong, M.C. de; Graaf, P. de; Pouwels, P.J.W.; Beenakker, J.W.; Jansen, R.W.; Geurts, J.J.G.; ... ; Weerd, L. van der 2018
Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood with a good prognosis in terms of mortality, but detailed information about tumor morphology and disease extent in... Show moreBackground: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood with a good prognosis in terms of mortality, but detailed information about tumor morphology and disease extent in retinoblastoma is important for treatment decision making.Purpose: To demonstrate ultrahigh-field MRI tumor morphology and tumor extent in retinoblastoma correlating with in and ex vivo images with histopathology.Study: TypeProspective case series.Population: Six retinoblastoma patients (median age 5.5 months, range 2-14) were prospectively included in this study. Median time between diagnosis and enucleation was 8 days (range 7-19).Field Strength/Sequence: In vivo pre-enucleation at 1.5T MRI with a circular surface coil. Ex vivo imaging (FLASH T-1-weighted and RARE T-2-weighted) was performed at field strengths of 9.4T and 17.6T.Assessment: After ex vivo imaging, the eyes were histopathologically analyzed and morphologically matched with MRI findings by three authors (two with respectively 14 and 4 years of experience in ocular MRI and one with 16 years of experience in ophthalmopathology).Results: Small submillimeter morphological aspects of intraocular retinoblastoma were successfully depicted with higher-resolution MRI and matched with histopathology images. With ex vivo MRI a small subretinal tumor seed (300 m) adjacent to the choroid was morphologically matched with histopathology. Also, a characteristic geographical pattern of vital tumor tissue (400 m) surrounding a central vessel interspersed with necrotic areas correlated with histopathology images. Tumor invasion into the optic nerve showed a higher signal intensity on T-1-weighted higher-resolution MRI.Data Conclusion: Higher-resolution MRI allows for small morphological aspects of intraocular retinoblastoma and extraocular disease extent not visible on currently used clinical in vivo MRI to be depicted. Show less
The present study is an in-depth, corpus-based analysis of the rise and institutionalization of the indefinite nominal gerund in Late Modern English, considering the observed developments in light... Show moreThe present study is an in-depth, corpus-based analysis of the rise and institutionalization of the indefinite nominal gerund in Late Modern English, considering the observed developments in light of their interactions with functionally related constructions. Based on historical data taken from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts (version 3.1), we argue that the rise of indefinite nominal gerunds constitutes an instance of diachronic nominalization, in which the nominal gerund over time gradually comes to exploit a fuller range of paradigmatic properties associated with the nominal class. At the same time, this study investigates the potential influence of isomorphism on the observed developments. While the results do support the frequently investigated claim that language systems have a (weak) preference for a one-form-one-meaning organization in later stages of their development, the initial emergence of indefinite nominal gerunds can more accurately be explained by allowing system pressure as an enabling force of linguistic innovation. The picture presented in this study serves as evidence that the long-term development of linguistic constructions can be the result of competing – even maximally opposite – forces. Show less
This paper offers a questionnaire for a typological study of causatives and causative constructions. It can also be used for a typologically-based description of causatives in individual languages.
