This study investigated the differential effect of economic recession and recovery on restaurant failures by location, type of cuisine, restaurant density, level of service and number of health... Show moreThis study investigated the differential effect of economic recession and recovery on restaurant failures by location, type of cuisine, restaurant density, level of service and number of health code violations. Secondary data were used from a major metropolitan city in the US from 2007–2013. Economic recession and recovery were found to affect the rate of restaurant failure significantly and differently by location, restaurant density, type of cuisine, risk level, and number of citations of health code violations. Some cuisine types survived well during the recession whereas others weremore vulnerable to the economic downturn. Some types of cuisine were prone to failure in both recession and recovery at higher rates than other types of cuisine, whereas others lagged only during recovery. While some types of cuisine were more likely to survive better in dense markets, no evidentrelationship was found between location and failure of cuisine type. There is a clear pattern of restaurant failures by Postal ZIP Code. There was a strong effect of number of health code violations on business failures. Show less
International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) provide essential aid and public services to less-developed countries. Although most literature focuses on Western INGOs, Asian INGOs have also... Show moreInternational nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) provide essential aid and public services to less-developed countries. Although most literature focuses on Western INGOs, Asian INGOs have also become globally active. Little is known about what motivates INGOs to provide services in other regions, such as Latin America. In this study, we seek to identify the criteria Japanese INGOs use to select Latin American recipient countries. We propose that Japanese INGO operational location decisions are a function of Japanese foreign policy agenda, Japan-recipient country business relations, and recipient country’s need and liberalization. Using data from Japanese INGOs working in Latin America and 24 Latin American countries on contextual, macroeconomic, and demographic indicators, we find that the significant factors driving INGO decisions to operate in Latin American countries are need and the presence of Japanese businesses in the recipient country. Results have practical implications for foreign aid targeting and economic development. Show less
