The footprints of North Korean influence can be found all over Africa, most clearly in the form of monuments, museums, and government buildings constructed using forced labour. Such prominent... Show moreThe footprints of North Korean influence can be found all over Africa, most clearly in the form of monuments, museums, and government buildings constructed using forced labour. Such prominent projects, which are potent symbols of African nationalism, simultaneously adopt the socialist-realist visual style that is predominant in Pyongyang, the DPRK capital. It makes them highly recognisable markers. Less visible, however, is the forced labour that precedes the joyful opening of a new monument, museum, or government building. The main objective of this chapter is to provoke ideas about a framework to study North Korean forced labour in Africa, and stimulate further work in this field. First, the chapter provides a historical context of North Korean activities in Africa. The seeds of the fruitful cooperation between the DPRK and African countries were sown during the liberation struggles that raged across the continent between the 1960s and 1990s. The subsequent section focuses on a single case study, namely Zimbabwe, to highlight this relationship. Finally, the foundations for a research framework are laid out in the third part, with special attention to methodology and sources. A number of preliminary findings serve as a conclusion. Show less
Maritime conflict management is the regulation of conflict in relation to the sea. It comprises conflict enforcement, conflict resolution and conflict avoidance. How did victims of maritime... Show moreMaritime conflict management is the regulation of conflict in relation to the sea. It comprises conflict enforcement, conflict resolution and conflict avoidance. How did victims of maritime conflicts claim and obtain damages or demand compensation or reparation? The articles in this issue aim to shed light on this question from two distinct yet related perspectives: that of the aggressor and the victim, on the one hand, and that of the political entities to which they belonged, on the other. The articles, covering seven centuries, reveal connections and entanglements between private parties and public authorities, demonstrating the importance of both for the development of maritime conflict management. Taken together these contributions provide evidence for the gradual development of maritime conflict management, diplomacy and norms for international law. Show less
In een recent verschenen notitie van de Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken wordt een pleidooi gehouden voor ‘diplomatie van duurzame ontwikkeling’. Het Nederlandse buitenlandse beleid heeft de... Show moreIn een recent verschenen notitie van de Adviesraad Internationale Vraagstukken wordt een pleidooi gehouden voor ‘diplomatie van duurzame ontwikkeling’. Het Nederlandse buitenlandse beleid heeft de laatste jaren sterk ingezet op zogenaamde ‘economische diplomatie’. Daarmee lijkt een stap gezet te zijn in de richting van een vorm van diplomatie waarbij het Nederlandse economische belang meer centraal staat. Maar welke belangen zijn dat dan? Naast bezuinigingen worden tegelijkertijd nieuwe beleidsinstrumenten ontwikkeld waarvan de effectiviteit nog bewezen moet worden. Deze dubbelslag vertegenwoordigt een (her)oriëntatie op de diplomatieke inzet van Nederland, welke vooral gevolgen lijkt te hebben voor het ontwikkelingsbeleid. Dat levert verhitte debatten op, zeker wanneer de financiële consequenties van dit beleid voor bestaande belangengroepen duidelijk worden. Deze discussie is weinig productief zolang een meer integrale en strategische visie op de beoogde diplomatieke inzet niet gedeeld wordt. Wat kan derhalve als gezamenlijk (bilateraal) belang van zowel Nederland als de ontvangende landen worden gezien? Juist voor een klein land als Nederland is een integrale – slimme, pragmatische, maar ook doelgerichte en duurzame - benadering essentieel. Een preciezere framing van het beleid is daarom gewenst: van economische diplomatie, waarbij het er niet toe doet welke handelsstromen op gang worden gebracht (zolang het maar veel is), naar duurzame diplomatie, ofwel ‘diplomatie van duurzame ontwikkeling’, waarbij veel meer wordt nagedacht over de kwaliteit, de doelstelling en de lange termijn invulling van deze relaties. Deze Working Paper is een co-produktie met het Partnerships Resource Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam. Ook verschenen in de reeks PrC working paper 2017. Show less
This article discusses how merchants or skippers suffering losses aimed to get redress for damages in trading and shipping from or with Holland and Zeeland in the fourteenth and early fifteenth... Show moreThis article discusses how merchants or skippers suffering losses aimed to get redress for damages in trading and shipping from or with Holland and Zeeland in the fourteenth and early fifteenth century within the context of Anglo– Dutch trade and diplomacy. In accordance with legal doctrine both the English king and the Count of Holland considered reprisal as an ultimate remedy. Both rulers used the possibility of reprisal as a means of pressure within Anglo–Dutch diplomacy. Their willingness to support their subjects went beyond the issue of damage redress as it also enabled them to have more control over their subjects. When reprisal was eventually issued, rulers on both sides of the Channel carefully supervised and controlled its procedures. Even though rulers were prepared to support victims via diplomacy and, ultimately, reprisal, they did consider individual interests in the functioning of the wider political and economic interests of their countries. Show less
Het Nederlandse buitenlandbeleid zet sterk in op economische diplomatie, waarbij het Nederlandse economische belang centraal staat. Deze benadering is echter te eendimensionaal. Juist voor een... Show moreHet Nederlandse buitenlandbeleid zet sterk in op economische diplomatie, waarbij het Nederlandse economische belang centraal staat. Deze benadering is echter te eendimensionaal. Juist voor een klein land als Nederland is duurzame diplomatie essentieel. Bij deze vorm van diplomatie wordt nadrukkelijker nagedacht over de kwaliteit, de doelstelling, de langetermijninvulling en de wederkerigheid van relaties. We illustreren de consequenties van dit strategische denkkader aan de hand van veranderende relaties met Afrika. Show less
The overall challenge of Dutch bilateral sustainable diplomacy in Africa is to manage a complex portfolio of bilateral country relations that can build on the strength of different stakeholders.... Show moreThe overall challenge of Dutch bilateral sustainable diplomacy in Africa is to manage a complex portfolio of bilateral country relations that can build on the strength of different stakeholders. In addition to this there are also multilateral and regional channels through which the Dutch diplomatic effort is more indirectly channeled, such as the European Union and the World Bank. These organizations represent a different diplomatic challenge and this is not included on this sheet with its three different clusters of basic maps: the corporate relations maps, the civil society relations maps and the governmental perspective maps. The final map "Making it work" includes a number of exemplary partnerships in African countries as the result of three novel PPP facilities that started in 2013 and 2014. Show less
The contributions to this volume commemorating three hundred years of diplomatic relations between Ghana and the Netherlands are grouped under three headings - merchants and merchandise,... Show moreThe contributions to this volume commemorating three hundred years of diplomatic relations between Ghana and the Netherlands are grouped under three headings - merchants and merchandise, missionaries, and voluntary and involuntary migrants - reflecting the three most important areas of contact between Dutch and Ghanaians over the centuries. The first part opens with a paper on a mission carried out in 1701-1702 by David van Nyendael, envoy of the Dutch West India Company (WIC), to Kumasi, which forms the starting point for the tercentenary celebrations. It also includes papers on the slave trade, the cocoa trade, and the role of Dutch 'schnapps' in Ghanaian ritual. The contributions on missionary activity deal with the tragic life of Jacobus Capitein (1717-1747), the first black minister stationed in Elmina, and the significance of Pentecostal churches for Ghanaians in the present-day Netherlands. The contributions on migration include stories of individual people who migrated back and forth between the Netherlands and Ghana, such as two Euro-African women from Elmina, as well as chapters on the Ghanaian diaspora, covering Suriname, Indonesia and the Netherlands. The contributions are by Ineke van Kessel, Michel R. Doortmont, Akosua Perbi, Henk den Heijer, Emmanuel Akyeampong, Victor K. Nyanteng, Henri van der Zee, David N.A. Kpobi, Rijk van Dijk, Natalie Everts, Jean Jacques Vrij, Andr‚ R.M. Pakosie, Endri Kusruri and Daniel Kojo Arhinful Show less
