Background The diagnosis of recurrent ipsilateral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with compression ultrasonography (CUS) may be hindered by residual intravascular obstruction after previous DVT. A... Show moreBackground The diagnosis of recurrent ipsilateral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with compression ultrasonography (CUS) may be hindered by residual intravascular obstruction after previous DVT. A reference CUS, an additional ultrasound performed at anticoagulant discontinuation, may improve the diagnostic work-up of suspected recurrent ipsilateral DVT by providing baseline images for future comparison.Objectives To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routinely performing reference CUS in DVT patients.Methods Patient-level data (n 1/4 96) from a prospective management study (Theia study; NCT02262052) and claims data were used in a decision analytic model to compare 12 scenarios for diagnostic management of suspected recurrent ipsilateral DVT. Estimated health care costs and mortality due to misdiagnosis, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and bleeding during the first year of follow-up after presentation with suspected recurrence were compared.Results All six scenarios including reference CUS had higher estimated 1-year costs (1,763-1,913) than the six without reference CUS (1,192-1,474). Costs were higher because reference CUS results often remained unused, as 20% of patients (according to claims data) would return with suspected recurrent DVT. Estimated mortality was comparable in scenarios with (14.8-17.9 per 10,000 patients) and without reference CUS (14.0-18.5 per 10,000). None of the four potentially most desirable scenarios included reference CUS. Conclusion One-year health care costs of diagnostic strategies for suspected recurrent ipsilateral DVT including reference CUS are higher compared to strategies without reference CUS, without mortality benefit. These results can inform policy-makers regarding use of health care resources during follow-up after DVT. From a cost-effectiveness perspective, the findings do not support the routine application of reference CUS. Show less
Gleditsch, J.; Jervan, O.; Klok, F.; Holst, R.; Hopp, E.; Tavoly, M.; Ghanima, W. 2023
BackgroundRapid diagnosis and risk stratification are important to reduce the risk of adverse clinical events and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Although clot burden has not been... Show moreBackgroundRapid diagnosis and risk stratification are important to reduce the risk of adverse clinical events and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Although clot burden has not been consistently shown to correlate with disease outcomes, proximally located PE is generally perceived as more severe.PurposeTo explore the ability of the Mean Bilateral Proximal Extension of the Clot (MBPEC) score to predict mortality and adverse outcome.MethodsThis was a single center retrospective cohort study. 1743 patients with computed tomography pulmonary arteriography (CTPA) verified PE diagnosed between 2005 and 2020 were included. Patients with active malignancy were excluded. The PE clot burden was assessed with MBPEC score: The most proximal extension of PE was scored in each lung from 1 = sub-segmental to 4 = central. The MBPEC score is the score from each lung divided by two and rounded up to nearest integer.ResultsWe found inconsistent associations between higher and lower MBPEC scores versus mortality. The all-cause 30-day mortality of 3.9% (95% CI: 3.0-4.9). The PE-related mortality was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.7-3.3). Patients with MBPEC score 1 had higher all-cause mortality compared to patients with MBPEC score 4: Crude Hazard Ratio (cHR) was 2.02 (95% CI: 1.09-3.72). PE-related mortality was lower in patients with MBPEC score 3 compared to score 4: cHR 0.22 (95% CI: 0.05-0.93). Patients with MBPEC score 4 did more often receive systemic thrombolysis compared to patients with MBPEC score 1-3: 3.2% vs. 0.6% (p < .001). Patients with MBPEC score 4 where more often admitted to the intensive care unit: 13% vs. 4.7% (p < .001).ConclusionWe found no consistent association between the MBPEC score and mortality. Our results therefore indicate that peripheral PE does not necessarily entail a lower morality risk than proximal PE. Show less
Background Compression ultrasonography (CUS) is the first-line imaging test for diagnosing upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT), but often yields inconclusive test results. Contrast... Show moreBackground Compression ultrasonography (CUS) is the first-line imaging test for diagnosing upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT), but often yields inconclusive test results. Contrast venography is still considered the diagnostic standard but is an invasive technique.Objectives We aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance noncontrast thrombus imaging (MR-NCTI) for the diagnosis of UEDVT.Methods In this international multicenter diagnostic study, we prospectively included patients with clinically suspected UEDVT who were managed according to a diagnostic algorithm that included a clinical decision rule (CDR), D-dimer test, and diagnostic imaging. UEDVT was confirmed by CUS or (computed tomography [CT]) venography. UEDVT was excluded by (1) an unlikely CDR and normal D-dimer, (2) a normal serial CUS or (3) a normal (CT) venography. Within 48 h after the final diagnosis was established, patients underwent MR-NCTI. MR-NCTI images were assessed post hoc by two independent radiologists unaware of the presence or absence of UEDVT. The sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement of MR-NCTI for UEDVT were determined.Results Magnetic resonance noncontrast thrombus imaging demonstrated UEDVT in 28 of 30 patients with UEDVT and was normal in all 30 patients where UEDVT was ruled out, yielding a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI 78-99) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 88-100). The interobserver agreement of MR-NCTI had a kappa value of 0.83 (95% CI 0.69-0.97).Conclusions Magnetic resonance noncontrast thrombus imaging is an accurate and reproducible method for diagnosing UEDVT. Clinical outcome studies should determine whether MR-NCTI can replace venography as the second-line imaging test in case of inconclusive CUS. Show less
Background The criteria to define the grade of aortic stenosis (AS)-aortic valve area (AVA) and mean gradient (MG) or peak jet velocity-do not always coincide into one grade. Although in severe AS,... Show moreBackground The criteria to define the grade of aortic stenosis (AS)-aortic valve area (AVA) and mean gradient (MG) or peak jet velocity-do not always coincide into one grade. Although in severe AS, this discrepancy is well characterised, in moderate AS, the phenomenon of discordant grading has not been investigated and its prognostic implications are unknown.Objectives To investigate the occurrence of discordant grading in patients with moderate AS (defined by an AVA between 1.0 cm(2) and 1.5 cm(2) but with an MG <20 mm Hg) and how these patients compare with those with concordant grading moderate AS (AVA between 1.0 cm(2) and 1.5 cm(2) and MG >= 20 mm Hg) in terms of clinical outcomes.Methods From an ongoing registry of patients with AS, patients with moderate AS based on AVA were selected and classified into discordant or concordant grading (MG <20 mm Hg or >= 20 mm Hg, respectively). The clinical endpoint was all-cause mortality.Results Of 790 patients with moderate AS, 150 (19.0%) had discordant grading, moderate AS. Patients with discordant grading were older, had higher prevalence of previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, larger LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume index, higher LV filling pressure and lower LV ejection fraction and stroke volume index as compared with their counterparts. After a median follow-up of 4.9 years (IQR 3.0-8.2), patients with discordant grading had lower aortic valve replacement rates (26.7% vs 44.1%, p<0.001) and higher mortality rates (60.0% vs 43.1%, p<0.001) as compared with patients with concordant grading. Discordant grading moderate AS, combined with low LV ejection fraction, presented the higher risk of mortality (HR 2.78 (2.00-3.87), p<0.001).Conclusion Discordant-grading moderate AS is not uncommon and, when combined with low LV ejection fraction, is associated with high risk of mortality. Show less
Gorris, M.; Hoogenboom, S.A.; Wallace, M.B.; Hooft, J.E. van 2020
Novel artificial intelligence techniques are emerging in all fields of healthcare, including gastroenterology. The aim of this review is to give an overview of artificial intelligence applications... Show moreNovel artificial intelligence techniques are emerging in all fields of healthcare, including gastroenterology. The aim of this review is to give an overview of artificial intelligence applications in the management of pancreatic diseases. We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed and Medline up to May 2020 to identify relevant articles. Our results showed that the development of machine-learning based applications is rapidly evolving in the management of pancreatic diseases, guiding precision medicine in clinical, endoscopic and radiologic settings. Before implementation into clinical practice, further research should focus on the external validation of novel techniques, clarifying the accuracy and robustness of these models. Show less
Sundin, U.; Aga, A.B.; Skare, O.; Nordberg, L.B.; Uhlig, T.; Hammer, H.B.; ... ; ARCTIC Study Grp 2020
Objective. To investigate whether an ultrasound-guided treat-to-target strategy for early RA would lead to reduced MRI inflammation or less structural damage progression compared with a... Show moreObjective. To investigate whether an ultrasound-guided treat-to-target strategy for early RA would lead to reduced MRI inflammation or less structural damage progression compared with a conventional treat-to-target strategy.Methods. A total of 230 DMARD-naive early RA patients were randomized to an ultrasound tight control strategy targeting DAS <1.6, no swollen joints and no power Doppler signal in any joint or a conventional strategy targeting DAS <1.6 and no swollen joints. Patients in both arms were treated according to the same DMARD escalation strategy. MRI of the dominant hand was performed at six time points over 2 years and scored according to the OMERACT RA MRI scoring system. A total of 218 patients had baseline and one or more follow-up MRIs and were included in the analysis. The mean MRI score change from baseline to each follow-up and the 2 year risk for erosive progression were compared between arms.Results. MRI bone marrow oedema, synovitis and tenosynovitis improved over the first year and was sustained during the second year of follow-up, with no statistically significant differences between the ultrasound and the conventional arms at any time point. The 2 year risk for progression of MRI erosions was similar in both treatment arms: ultrasound arm 39%, conventional arm 33% [relative risk 1.16 (95% CI 0.81, 1.66), P = 0.40].Conclusion. Incorporating ultrasound information in treatment decisions did not lead to reduced MRI inflammation or less structural damage compared with a conventional treatment strategy. The findings support that systematic use of ultrasound does not provide a benefit in the follow-up of patients with early RA. Show less
Dam, L.F. van; Gautam, G.; Dronkers, C.E.A.; Ghanima, W.; Gleditsch, J.; Heijne, A. von; ... ; Klok, F.A. 2020
Background The diagnostic accuracy of clinical probability assessment and D-dimer testing for clinically suspected recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is largely unknown. Aim To evaluate the... Show moreBackground The diagnostic accuracy of clinical probability assessment and D-dimer testing for clinically suspected recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is largely unknown. Aim To evaluate the safety of ruling out acute recurrent DVT based on an unlikely Wells score for DVT and a normal D-dimer test. Methods This was a predefined endpoint of the Theia study in which the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging in acute recurrent ipsilateral DVT was validated. The Wells rule and D-dimer test, performed as part of the study protocol, were not used for management decisions. The primary outcome of this analysis was the incidence of recurrent DVT at baseline or during 3-month follow-up for patients with an unlikely Wells score and a normal D-dimer test. Results Results of both Wells score and D-dimer tests were available in 231 patients without anticoagulant treatment. The recurrent DVT prevalence was 45% (103/231). Forty-nine patients had an unlikely Wells score and normal D-dimer test, of whom 3 (6.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3%-18%) had recurrent DVT at baseline/follow-up, yielding a sensitivity of 97% (95% CI 92%-99%) and specificity of 36% (95% CI 28%-45%). Thus, if clinical probability scoring and D-dimer testing would have been applied, radiological imaging could have been omitted in 21% of patients with a diagnostic failure rate of 6.1%. Conclusion By applying clinical probability scoring and D-dimer testing, radiological imaging could be spared in one fifth of patients with suspected recurrent ipsilateral DVT. However, the high failure rate does not support implementation of this strategy in daily practice. Show less
Objective. Current guidelines recommend screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with a tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), or both. Many also recommend... Show moreObjective. Current guidelines recommend screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with a tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), or both. Many also recommend chest radiography (CXR), although its added value is uncertain. This systematic review assessed the prevalence of abnormalities suggestive of LTBI on CXR (LTBI-CXR lesions) and evaluated the strength of the association.Method. We searched 4 databases up to September 2017 and systematically reviewed cross-sectional and cohort studies reporting LTBI-CXR lesions in individuals with a positive TST or IGRA, or both, result. Prevalence estimates were pooled using random effects models and odds ratios (ORs) were used to calculate risk estimates.Results. In the 26 included studies, the pooled proportion of individuals with LTBI having LTBI-CXR lesions was 0.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.18]. In 16 studies that reported on individuals with LTBI and uninfected controls, LTBI-CXR lesions were associated with a positive TST result >= 5 mm or >= 10 mm (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.00-5.99; and OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.38-3.09, respectively) and with a positive QuantiFERON result (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.17-3.39) compared to CXR in uninfected controls. Although few studies reported specified lesions, calcified nodules were most frequently reported in individuals with LTBI (proportion, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02-0.11).Conclusions. Lesions on CXR suggestive of previous infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were significantly associated with positive tests for LTBI, although the sensitivity was only 15%. This finding may have added value when detection of past LTBI is important but immunodiagnostic tests may be unreliable. Show less
Schinina, V.; Albarello, F.; Cristofaro, M.; Stefano, F. di; Fusco, N.; Cuzzi, G.; ... ; Rizzi, E.B. 2018
