This dissertation aimed to examine the ethnic socialization context in the upbringing of Chinese-Dutch children, specifically three social-contextual factors: parents, children’s books, and the... Show moreThis dissertation aimed to examine the ethnic socialization context in the upbringing of Chinese-Dutch children, specifically three social-contextual factors: parents, children’s books, and the COVID pandemic. Results reveal that Chinese-Dutch children evaluate their ingroup and the White outgroup most positively, followed by the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) outgroup, and the Black outgroup least positively. Stronger maternal endorsement of multiculturalism is associated with lower child ethnic prejudice (in terms of less ingroup preference). In addition, results demonstrate maternal self-report ethnic-racial socialization strategies and the observed behaviors that reflect color-evasiveness and white normativity. Furthermore, results show an overrepresentation of White authors, illustrators, and characters, and a preference for light skin color in East Asian characters in illustrations in Chinese children’s books, suggesting a form of current postcolonial influences on Chinese children’s literature. Furthermore, results indicate ethnicity-related attitude differences among mothers participating after than before the COVID outbreak, with higher perceived discrimination and stronger ethnic identity. A lower ingroup rejection among Chinese-Dutch children was found in the post-COVID-outbreak group than in the pre-COVID-outbreak group. This dissertation can foster a better understanding of the interethnic relations in the underrepresented Chinese group and elucidate the ethnicity-related consequences of the pandemic in this group. Show less
The aim of this dissertation was to provide insight in interethnic prejudice of children in the Netherlands and attitudes and ideologies that they are exposed to through two socialization agents:... Show moreThe aim of this dissertation was to provide insight in interethnic prejudice of children in the Netherlands and attitudes and ideologies that they are exposed to through two socialization agents: parents and children’s books. Specifically attitudes and ideologies based on intergroup contact theories and diversity ideologies were of interest. This dissertation is a first step in examining the basis for applying prejudice-reducing theories based on social learning theory to the specific multi-ethnic Dutch context. Overall, results show that interethnic prejudice is found in various forms among young children in the Netherlands. Furthermore, intergroup contact approaches to improve children’s interethnic attitudes may face some obstacles, as results show that parents might be more or less willing to facilitate interethnic contact with different ethnic groups, intergroup contact effects are not always found, and ethnic diversity and thus indirect contact opportunities in popular books for children are somewhat limited. Furthermore, results show that multiculturalist rather than colorblind diversity approaches can benefit interethnic attitudes of children in dominant ethnic groups, but that the latter are prevailing in popular children’s books. This dissertation can help move both research and the development of practical programs on improving interethnic attitudes among children in the Netherlands forward. Show less
