By monitoring ongoing actions and performance outcomes, we are able to detect errors or mismatches between our intentions or predictions. Disturbances in such performance-monitoring processes may... Show moreBy monitoring ongoing actions and performance outcomes, we are able to detect errors or mismatches between our intentions or predictions. Disturbances in such performance-monitoring processes may importantly contribute to impaired adaptive behavior in clinical disorders, such as excessively impulsive behavior in externalizing disorders or excessively rigid or careful behavior in anxiety- and obsessive-compulsive disorders. In daily life, performance monitoring often takes place in a social context, where our actions have consequences not only for ourselves, but also for others. The investigation of (alterations in) such (pro)social performance-monitoring processes may help explain functional and social impairments across a wide range of clinical disorders. In this dissertation, we used various neuroimaging paradigms to examine subclinical and neurochemical influences on performance monitoring when errors had consequences for oneself or others. The studies in this dissertation indicate that neural performance-monitoring correlates are modulated by social, subclinical, and neurochemical factors, including social (responsibility) context, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, ovarian hormones, and pharmacological manipulations of dopamine and oxytocin. These findings have implications for the potential and utility of error-related brain activity as a clinical biomarker or endophenotype, our insight into social symptoms and impairments in obsessive-compulsive disorder, and for our understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying performance monitoring. Show less