BackgroundA good educational climate is essential for delivering high-quality training for medical trainees, professional development, and patient care. The aim of this study was to (1) validate... Show moreBackgroundA good educational climate is essential for delivering high-quality training for medical trainees, professional development, and patient care. The aim of this study was to (1) validate the Dutch Residency Educational Climate Test (D-RECT) in a Danish setting and (2) describe and evaluate the educational climate among medical trainees.MethodsD-RECT was adopted in a three-step process: translation of D-RECT into Danish (DK-RECT), psychometric validation, and evaluation of educational climate. Trainees from 31 medical specialties at Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark were asked to complete an online survey in a cross-sectional study.ResultsWe performed a forward-backward translation from Dutch to Danish. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that DK-RECT was robust and valid. The reliability analysis showed that only seven trainees from one specialty were needed for a reliable result. With 304 trainees completing DK-RECT, the response rate was 68%. The subsequent analysis indicated a positive overall educational climate, with a median score of 4.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 3.0-5.0) on a five-point Likert scale. Analysis of the subscales showed that the subscale Feedback received the lowest ratings, while Supervision and Peer collaboration were evaluated highest.ConclusionsPsychometric validation of D-RECT in a Danish context demonstrated valid results on the educational climate in specialist training. DK-RECT can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in the future and can facilitate the conversation on the educational climate. Show less
Evaluations are considered of key importance for a well-functioning democracy. Against this background, it is vital to assess whether and how evaluation models approach the role of citizens. This... Show moreEvaluations are considered of key importance for a well-functioning democracy. Against this background, it is vital to assess whether and how evaluation models approach the role of citizens. This paper is the first in presenting a review of citizen involvement in the main evaluation models which are commonly distinguished in the field. We present the results of both a document analysis and an international survey with experts who had a prominent role in developing the models. This overview has not only a theoretical relevance, but can also be helpful for evaluation practitioners or scholars looking for opportunities for citizen involvement. The paper contributes to the evaluation literature in the first place, but also aims to fine-tune available insights on the relationship between evidence informed policy making and citizens. Show less
This paper confronts assertions made by Dr Michael Veale, Dr Reuben Binns, and Professor Lilian Edwards in “Algorithms that remember: Model Inversion Attacks and Data Protection Law”, as well as... Show moreThis paper confronts assertions made by Dr Michael Veale, Dr Reuben Binns, and Professor Lilian Edwards in “Algorithms that remember: Model Inversion Attacks and Data Protection Law”, as well as the general trend by the courts to broaden the definition of ‘personal data’ under Article 4(1) GDPR to include ‘everything data-related’. Veale et al use examples from computer science to suggest some models, subject to certain attacks, reveal personal data. Accordingly, Veale et al argue that data subject rights could be exercised against the model itself. A computer science perspective, as well as case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, is used to argue that effective machine-learning model governance can be achieved without widening the scope of personal data and that the governance of machine-learning models is better achieved through already existing provisions of data protection and other areas of law. Extending the scope of personal data to machine-learning models would render the protections granted to intelligent endeavours within the black box ineffectual. Show less
Zhang, C.; Bakker, A.D.; Klein-Nulend, J.; Bravenboer, N. 2019
Purpose of ReviewOsteocytes are responsible for mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in bone and play a crucial role in bone homeostasis. They are embedded in a calcified collagenous matrix and... Show morePurpose of ReviewOsteocytes are responsible for mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in bone and play a crucial role in bone homeostasis. They are embedded in a calcified collagenous matrix and connected with each other through the lacuno-canalicular network. Due to this specific native environment, it is a challenge to isolate primary osteocytes without losing their specific characteristics in vitro. This review summarizes the commonly used and recently established models to study the function of osteocytes in vitro.Recent FindingsOsteocytes are mostly studied in monolayer culture, but recently, 3D models of osteocyte-like cells and primary osteocytes in vitro have been established as well. These models mimic the native environment of osteocytes and show superior osteocyte morphology and behavior, enabling the development of human disease models.SummaryOsteocyte-like cell lines as well as primary osteocytes isolated from bone are widely used to study the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Both cells lines and primary cells are cultured in 2D-monolayer and 3D-models. The use of these models and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed in this review. Show less
