Developing countries are growing apart on environmental issues. International environ- mental negotiations are no longer characterized merely by the North–South conflict. Rising powers have come to... Show moreDeveloping countries are growing apart on environmental issues. International environ- mental negotiations are no longer characterized merely by the North–South conflict. Rising powers have come to divide the Global South and redefine the Common-But- Differentiated Responsibilities principle. This article explains the divergence of China and India at the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, one of the first global envi- ronmental agreements to differentiate obligations between developing countries. China and India, the world’s two largest hydrofluorocarbon producers, ended decades of collaboration and split the rest of the developing world behind them. I argue that devel- opmental strategy and political institutions shape the preferences and influences of industrial, governmental, and social stakeholders, thereby explaining their negotiation behavior and outcome. This article explains why China moved faster and further than India on negotiations for hydrofluorocarbon regulation. It has important implications for the two rising powers’ implementation of the Kigali Amendment and for their posi- tion formulations on other environmental issues. Show less
Sultanov, M.; Zeeuw, J. de; Koot, J.; Schans, J. van der; Beltman, J.J.; Fouw, M. de; ... ; Stekelenburg, J. 2022
Background: High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing has been recommended by the World Health Organization as the primary screening test in cervical screening programs. The option of self... Show moreBackground: High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing has been recommended by the World Health Organization as the primary screening test in cervical screening programs. The option of self-sampling for this screening method can potentially increase women's participation. Designing screening programs to implement this method among underscreened populations will require contextualized evidence. Methods: PREvention and SCReening Innovation Project Toward Elimination of Cervical Cancer (PRESCRIP-TEC) will use a multi-method approach to investigate the feasibility of implementing a cervical cancer screening strategy with hrHPV self-testing as the primary screening test in Bangladesh, India, Slovak Republic and Uganda. The primary outcomes of study include uptake and coverage of the screening program and adherence to follow-up. These outcomes will be evaluated through a pre-post quasi-experimental study design. Secondary objectives of the study include the analysis of client-related factors and health system factors related to cervical cancer screening, a validation study of an artificial intelligence decision support system and an economic evaluation of the screening strategy. Discussion: PRESCRIP-TEC aims to provide evidence regarding hrHPV self-testing and the World Health Organization's recommendations for cervical cancer screening in a variety of settings, targeting vulnerable groups. The main quantitative findings of the project related to the impact on uptake and coverage of screening will be complemented by qualitative analyses of various determinants of successful implementation of screening. The study Continued from previous page) will also provide decision-makers with insights into economic aspects of implementing hrHPV self-testing , as well as evaluate the feasibility of using artificial intelligence for task-shifting in visual inspection with acetic acid. Show less
Bertus Haverkort groeide op in een boerengezin in Slagharen. Hij genoot van modernisering op de boerderij van zijn jeugd, omdat dit het werk verlichte en de opbrengsten verbeterde. Met in zijn... Show moreBertus Haverkort groeide op in een boerengezin in Slagharen. Hij genoot van modernisering op de boerderij van zijn jeugd, omdat dit het werk verlichte en de opbrengsten verbeterde. Met in zijn bagage een dosis moderne landbouwkennis uit Wageningen, werkte hij aan programma’s in de tropen waarbij overdracht van westerse kennis het doel was. De aanpak blijkt niet te werken. Hij plaatst vraagtekens bij de toepasbaarheid van de westerse kennis in situaties waar de ecologie, economie en cultuur zoveel verschillen. In samenwerking met lokale deskundigen uit India, Bolivia en Ghana wordt onderzocht hoe lokale wereldbeelden, waarden en kennis een rol spelen. Daarvoor wordt gewerkt aan een onderwijsmethode voor endogene ontwikkeling en aan een benadering voor co-creatie van wetenschappen uit verschillende tradities en wereldstreken. De internationale ervaringen worden in verband gebracht met de huidige crisis in de landbouw in Nederland en monden uit een pleidooi voor klimaat- en natuurvriendelijke landbouw. Show less
This dissertation focuses on the overall study, as well as the nuances, of bullying behaviours among school-going youth in India. A systematic review of past literature from India is presented by... Show moreThis dissertation focuses on the overall study, as well as the nuances, of bullying behaviours among school-going youth in India. A systematic review of past literature from India is presented by synthesizing 37 empirical studies examining psychometric properties of the instruments adopted, methodological characteristics, sample size and procedures, and characteristics of bullying behaviour. Results show that bullying is widely spread, and certain factors, like caste and religion, and their association with bullying behaviours are typical to the Indian culture. This dissertation also examines if dimensions of psychopathy, namely callous-unemotional traits, narcissism, and impulsivity, can differentiate between, bullies, victims, and bully-victims in a longitudinal capacity. Using a multi-informant approach and multinomial logistic regression analyses, it was found that psychopathy dimensions taken together provide a better fit in predicting bullying than the independent psychopathic subscales. The dissertation further investigates the structure and context of the relationship between victimization and Body Mass Index through a transactional model. Key results of structural equation modeling analyses yielded mainly concurrent relations between BMI and victimization, emphasizing that results from western countries may not generalize to India. Finally, bullying behaviours among youth as a function of their socio-economic status (SES) in classroom and self-perceptions of minority status are examined using a moderated-mediation growth model. Results show classroom level SES plays a significant role in predicting victimization cross-sectionally, and is mediated through perceptions of self. However, in the long run, being part of a minority, and perceiving self as such, leads to decreased victimization among youth in India. Show less
Nineteenth-century European ichthyologists seldom had the opportunity to study live specimens of fishes from other continents and often had to rely on more or less reliable travel accounts and... Show moreNineteenth-century European ichthyologists seldom had the opportunity to study live specimens of fishes from other continents and often had to rely on more or less reliable travel accounts and reports from colonial administration posts. The discovery of the respiratory organs of air-breathing fishes illustrates the difficulty to examine questionable information. Paradoxically, it was the very distrust in reports from far abroad that led to the discovery of the respiratory behaviour of these animals. Accounts of the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), a fish that reportedly could climb into trees to drink palm wine required explanations for such incredible claims and inspired more research on this topic. In addition to comparative analyses of other species, zoologists were also dependent on information that required stringent forms of source criticism. As this case shows, rumours and hearsay could play a catalytic role in a discipline that typically relied on empirical methods and direct observation. Show less
How do videos, movies and documentaries dedicated to indigenous communities transform the media landscape of South Asia? Based on extensive original research, this book examines how in South Asia... Show moreHow do videos, movies and documentaries dedicated to indigenous communities transform the media landscape of South Asia? Based on extensive original research, this book examines how in South Asia popular music videos, activist political clips, movies and documentaries about, by and for indigenous communities take on radically new significances. Media, Indigeneity and Nation in South Asia shows how in the portrayal of indigenous groups by both ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’ imaginations of indigeneity and nation become increasingly interlinked. Indigenous groups, typically marginal to the nation, are at the same time part of mainstream polities and cultures. Drawing on perspectives from media studies and visual anthropology, this book compares and contrasts the situation in South Asia with indigeneity globally. Show less
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to remain a major public health problem globally. WHO’s End TB Strategy has set a goal to end the epidemic with ambitious targets for 2035. About 27% of the global TB... Show moreTuberculosis (TB) continues to remain a major public health problem globally. WHO’s End TB Strategy has set a goal to end the epidemic with ambitious targets for 2035. About 27% of the global TB cases occur in India which poses a challenge to global TB control. This is mainly because majority of patients in India approach the private sector, which is usually diverse, disorganized, unregulated and often disconnected from the national TB control programme (NTP). The quality of care is not consistent across the private sector and completion of treatment is not ensured. Non-standard treatment leads to the emergence of drug-resistant TB. Public-private collaborations in India have shown promising results in improving the situation. This research analyzed the manner and conditions for private sector engagement to increase the chances of ending TB. For this, India will have to improve and scale up public-private partnerships. This will need heavy investments and adoption of newer and innovative approaches, tools and technology aiming Universal Health Coverage. This research used selected publications and reviewed relevant research in the background of the global approaches for ending TB by 2035. The findings originate from research done mostly in India which is relevant for other developing countries. Show less
S.S. Kolipaka’s thesis questions and investigates the survival prospects of reintroduced tigers and their offspring’s in the human dominated landscape of Panna tiger reserve in India. This thesis... Show moreS.S. Kolipaka’s thesis questions and investigates the survival prospects of reintroduced tigers and their offspring’s in the human dominated landscape of Panna tiger reserve in India. This thesis recognises the importance of both the sociological (human) and biological (tiger) aspects to address tiger survival in human dominated landscapes. The study describes the factors that allow local people in the Panna tiger reserve area to co-existence with tigers such as, people avoiding the forest at night and allowing unwanted surplus cattle to roam the forests. People’s behaviours are a result of their age old beliefs on tigers, good knowledge on wild animals and traditional practices. Tigers show adaptation to people’s activity and practices and also prey on free-roaming cattle. They did not target villages or become problem animals. These insights show how people’s practices in a landscape shape human and carnivore coexistence. Such understanding also provides insights for improving local practices and emphasise the need for in-depth understanding of local cultures. The study also describes the behaviour of tigers. It shows how the originally released animals and their offspring use their environment vis-à-vis their spatial movements and choice of prey. Tigers exhibit high adaptability and also avoid areas of high human activity. These findings demonstrate how an expanding tiger population could co-exist alongside humans. Understanding these processes is essential to guide the reintroduction of large carnivores like tigers and their successful management in human dominated landscapes. Show less
Ethnographic research in the Kumaun region of North India highlights different perspectives on thismultilingual context and on national-level policies. Language policies that explicitly or... Show moreEthnographic research in the Kumaun region of North India highlights different perspectives on thismultilingual context and on national-level policies. Language policies that explicitly or implicitlyminoritize certain linguistic varieties influence local discourses about language and educationbut are also interpreted through the lens of local language ideologies. Ecological metaphors anddifferent scalar perspectives illustrate the complex relationship among languages as speakers ofan unrecognized language reinterpret policy and express value for linguistic diversity. Show less
Socio-ecological interventions assume that there are ‘links’ between the individual process that determinesdisaster mental health and the social context one lives in. However, there is insufficient... Show moreSocio-ecological interventions assume that there are ‘links’ between the individual process that determinesdisaster mental health and the social context one lives in. However, there is insufficient empirical basis for this claim. This paper summarizes the main findings from a research programme, in which two advanced statistical techniques on data from two floods were applied, respectively Uttar Pradesh, India 2008 and Morpeth, England, 2008. By means of multilevel structural equation modelling it was found that individual psychosocial resources (coping behaviour and social support) are employed more parsimoniously and effectively when disaster affected individuals can rely on a trustworthy and effective social community. Additionally, usingmultilevel con¢rmatory factor analyses to address screening outcomes yielded two methodologicalproblems: nested variance due to the disaster context and poor construct validity.These can be illustrated,but not dismissed without applying advanced statistical analyses. The findings strongly suggest that community interventions promoting social context and individual interventions not only share the same objective, but also impact mental health via the same individual mechanisms. Show less
This article explores India’s linguistic diversity from a language policy perspective, emphasizing policies relevant to linguistic minorities. The Kumaun region of Utterakhand provides a local,... Show moreThis article explores India’s linguistic diversity from a language policy perspective, emphasizing policies relevant to linguistic minorities. The Kumaun region of Utterakhand provides a local, minority-language perspective on national-level language planning. A look at the complexity of counting India’s languages reveals language planning implicit in the Indian census. The more explicit status planning involved in the naming of official languages is explored in the Indian Constitution. An overview of India’s language-in-education policies for languages to be taught and languages to be used as media of instruction further illustrates status and acquisitions planning affecting India’s linguistic minorities. The Indian example informs and stretches the language planning frameworks used to analyze it, adding status-planning goals of legitimization, minimization, and protection. Finally, the question of what actually happens in education for linguistic minorities opens up a conversation about the pluralistic language practices common in multilingual contexts beyond the implementation of official language and education policies. Show less
Child labour can stand in the way of linguistic development and mental health of Indian youth. "We looked at the linguistic development and mental health of children from different social classes... Show moreChild labour can stand in the way of linguistic development and mental health of Indian youth. "We looked at the linguistic development and mental health of children from different social classes in the context of child labour, sleep and academic activities. We saw that children with lower socioeconomic status devote more time to work and sleep and less time to academic tasks than their peers with a higher status," "What we found is that child labor provides a strong explanation for both poorer language development and mental health in lower SES-children. We discovered that the relationship between the linguistic results and academic time is stronger in children with lower socioeconomic status, suggesting that especially these children would benefit if they could invest more time in school and less in other work." This research is the only time-use study conducted in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is also the only Indian study that uses the time spending methodology with youth represented from a very diverse range of socio-economic classes, including minimally literate school-going youth. Until now we knew little about this, because this group is difficult to reach. Show less
The air transport sector including airlines, airports and providers of air navigation services have largely been State controlled. Formerly, most airlines were State owned. However, the... Show more The air transport sector including airlines, airports and providers of air navigation services have largely been State controlled. Formerly, most airlines were State owned. However, the ownership pattern of airlines has changed gradually to the majority of the airlines being privately owned as a part of globalization and liberalization of economies. These observations can be made in the case of airports too. State owned airports are being privatized in many States due to various reasons. The trend started with the privatization of British Airports Authority (BAA) owned airports in United Kingdom (UK). Europe, Asia and Latin America are now witnessing privatization of airports on a fast track basis. Australia and New Zealand have also privatized their State owned airports in the last decade. Though the models vary depending upon the economic policy of the State, the concept of privatization or private participation in airport infrastructure is gaining momentum in these States. However, the United States of America (USA) remains an exception to this trend of airport privatization. In 2006, India joined the global trend of privatization in airport infrastructure, by privatizing two State owned airports in New Delhi and Mumbai. Though the first privately owned international airport started operations in 1999 in Kochi (Cochin),1 two other privately owned airports were operationalized in Bangalore and Hyderabad only in 2008. Show less
his article examines how Old Delhi is represented and recreated in contemporary India. Delhi’s old city was once the locus of pre-colonial Mughal sovereignty. It is now often encountered via... Show morehis article examines how Old Delhi is represented and recreated in contemporary India. Delhi’s old city was once the locus of pre-colonial Mughal sovereignty. It is now often encountered via nationalist spectacles, mass-media images and consumption practices. Paralleling neo-liberalism’s onset in the 1990s, its street food, bazaar spaces and historical monuments have been avidly appropriated by reigning institutions and classes. Old Delhi suggests that which the new India has left behind; yet this displacement also elicits longing for what has been lost.This medieval remnant can therefore be considered the site of nostalgia consumed by a globalised middle class. This article presents an ethnography of Old Delhi’s invocation in New Delhi’s cultural landscape, including malls, newspapers, heritage sites, hotels, and food courts. In triangulating among the realms of nationalist nostalgia, middle-class identity and mediated consumption, it emphasises how India’s neoliberal emergence is bound up with the co-opting of the past. Show less
This paper presents an ethnographic study of a redevelopment controversy in Delhi's old city. It considers the perspectives of traders, hawkers, politicians and officials on the proposed revamping... Show moreThis paper presents an ethnographic study of a redevelopment controversy in Delhi's old city. It considers the perspectives of traders, hawkers, politicians and officials on the proposed revamping of the Meena Bazaar. The paper illustrates how hermeneutic and aesthetic dimensions suffuse public and political life in India. Specifically, sincere intentions, evoked in speech and performance, are seen as a prerequisite of public presentation and as a locus of interpretive scrutiny. In an ambiguous and indeterminate milieu, promises and motives are probingly assessed, often in ironic and dramaturgical form. The paper foregrounds the ‘hermeneutics of the bazaar’, an interpretive sensitivity to intentionality, and ‘structured sincerity’, the efficacy, and reflexive steering, of performed conviction. Show less
The thesis examines the state practice of India and analyses how it has contributed to the development of international law. These areas are: history of international law, law of the sea, human... Show moreThe thesis examines the state practice of India and analyses how it has contributed to the development of international law. These areas are: history of international law, law of the sea, human rights, humanitarian law, chemical weapons convention, UN reforms, environmental law, climate change, International Court of Justice. The thesis proves that state practice of India is similar to the state practice of a hegemonic power and India will use more and more international law to promote its national interests and rightful place in the international society of states. Summary conclusions: Distinct Approach of Judiciary and Executive to International Law; Post-Independence Practice of India: A Rising Power Approach to International Law; Use and Effectiveness of the Proactive versus Reactive Approaches to Ensure Desired Outcomes; India will continue to avoid the ICJ as a means of dispute settlement; Patience and Persistence: Virtues of Statecraft in the UN Reforms; Permanent Membership of the Security Council: Success Chances are Stronger than Ever Before; Law of the Sea: Reflection of a Growing Hegemonic Power; India will continue to shape and implement the international law of human rights in its own way and pace; International Environmental Law: Tension will continue between the Executive and Judiciary; Show less
For South Asian adults lowered BMI cut-offs for overweight and obesity are recommended as these are more in agreement with their body composition (low muscle mass, high fat mass) and the... Show moreFor South Asian adults lowered BMI cut-offs for overweight and obesity are recommended as these are more in agreement with their body composition (low muscle mass, high fat mass) and the considerably higher risk of cardiovascuar and metabolic disease. For South Asian children living in a Western country lowered BMI norms have not been established, nor other ethnic specific growth standards. The aims of this thesis are 1. to gain more insight into the normal physical growth of South Asian children 2. to develop South Asian specific height-for-age (0-21 years) and BMI-for-age (2-18 years) references, including BMI cut-offs. The studies in this thesis show that South Asian children are generally lighter and shorter than other ethnic groups. The mean birth weight is at 3012 grams around 450 grams lower than of Dutch babies and has remained unchanged for the past 35 years. In children 3-15 years thinness is highly prevalent and overweight prevalence is relatively low. Application of the developed height-for-age charts and lowered BMI cut-offs will expectedly lead to a better assessment of height and nutritional status (thinness, overweight) in this group. Consequently, thinness rates will be lower while overweight will be detected earlier, leading to earlier preventive interventions. Show less
