BackgroundNormocaloric vs. calorie-restricted feeding in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) is associated with increased mortality rates. Until now, only total... Show moreBackgroundNormocaloric vs. calorie-restricted feeding in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients with refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) is associated with increased mortality rates. Until now, only total energy provision has been studied. Data on individual macronutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) and clinical outcomes are lacking. This study evaluates associations between macronutrient intake among RH patients during the first week of ICU admission and clinical outcomes.MethodsA single-centre retrospective observational cohort study was conducted among prolonged mechanically ventilated RH ICU patients. The primary outcome was the association of separate macronutrient intakes during the first week of ICU admission with 6-month mortality, adjusted for relevant variables. Other parameters included ICU-, hospital- and 3-month mortality, mechanical ventilation duration and length of ICU and hospital stay. Macronutrient intakes were subsequently analyzed during day 1–3 and day 4–7 of ICU admission.ResultsIn total, 178 RH patients were included. Six-month all-cause mortality was 29.8%. Higher protein intake during days 1–3 of ICU admission (>0.71 g/kg∗day; HR 2.224, 95%CI 1.261–3.923, p = 0.006), higher age (HR 1.040, 95%CI 1.015–1.066, p = 0.002) and higher APACHE II scores on ICU admission (HR 1.086, 95%CI 1.034–1.140, p = 0.001) were associated with increased 6-month mortality. No differences in other outcomes were observed.ConclusionHigh protein - not carbohydrate or lipid - intake during the first three days of ICU admission in patients with RH is associated with increased 6-month mortality, but not short-term outcomes. We hypothesize a time-dependent and dose–response relationship between protein intake and mortality in refeeding hypophosphatemia ICU patients, although additional (randomized controlled) studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Show less
Berger, F.A.; Weteringen, W. van; Sijs, H. van der; Hunfeld, N.G.M.; Bunge, J.J.H.; Groot, N.M.S. de; ... ; Gelder, T. van 2021
QTc interval prolongation is an adverse effect associated with the use of fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin are both frequently prescribed QTc-prolonging drugs in... Show moreQTc interval prolongation is an adverse effect associated with the use of fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin are both frequently prescribed QTc-prolonging drugs in critically ill patients. Critically ill patients may be more vulnerable to developing QTc prolongation, as several risk factors can be present at the same time. Therefore, it is important to know the QTc-prolonging potential of these drugs in the intensive care unit (ICU) population. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of the QTc interval over a 24-hour dose interval during intravenous ciprofloxacin and low-dose erythromycin treatment. Therefore, an observational study was performed in ICU patients (>= 18 years) receiving ciprofloxacin 400 mg t.i.d. or erythromycin 100 mg b.i.d. intravenously. Continuous ECG data were collected from 2 h before to 24 h after the first administration. QT-analyses were performed using high-end holter software. The effect was determined with a two-sample t-test for clustered data on all QTc values. A linear mixed model by maximum likelihood was applied, for which QTc values were assessed for the available time intervals and therapy. No evident effect over time on therapy with ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was observed on QTc time. There was no significant difference (p = 0.22) in QTc values between the ciprofloxacin group (mean 393 ms) and ciprofloxacin control group (mean 386 ms). The erythromycin group (mean 405 ms) and erythromycin control group (mean 404 ms) neither showed a significant difference (p = 0.80). In 0.6% of the registrations (1.138 out of 198.270 samples) the duration of the QTc interval was longer than 500 ms. The index groups showed slightly more recorded QTc intervals over 500 ms. To conclude, this study could not identify differences in the QTc interval between the treatments analyzed. Show less
Slingerland-Boot, R.; Bouw-Ruiter, M.; Manen, C. van; Arbous, S.; Zanten, A. van 2021
Introduction: In critically ill patients, nasogastric (NG) and nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube placements are standard procedures. However, about 1.9% of blind tube insertions are malpositioned in... Show moreIntroduction: In critically ill patients, nasogastric (NG) and nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube placements are standard procedures. However, about 1.9% of blind tube insertions are malpositioned in the tracheopulmonary system, whereas guided procedures may result in a significant delay in nutritional delivery. Guided methods, such as Cortrak and fluoroscopy, have success rates of 82.6-85% and 93% respectively. The current study aims to investigate the performance of video-assisted feeding tube placement in the post-pyloric position using Integrated Real Time Imaging System (IRIS-) technology. Methods: A prospective cohort study in patients requiring enteral feeding was conducted in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU). The primary outcome was the post-pyloric placement of IRIS feeding tubes, as confirmed by X-ray. Secondary study objectives included gastric placement, ease of use and adverse events. Results: Thirty-one feeding tubes were placed using IRIS-technology; one patient was excluded for analysis due to protocol violation. One procedure was terminated due to significant bleeding (epistaxis) and desaturation. Only eighteen (58%) feeding tubes were placed in post-pyloric position (including two past the ligament of Treitz). In subjects who needed post-pyloric placement due gastroparesis, IRIS was mostly unsuccessful (success rate of 25%). However, when gastric placement was the primary objective, 96.8% of tubes were correctly placed. During insertion, tracheal visualization occurred in 27% of cases, and the IRIS feeding tube was repositioned early in the procedure without causing patient harm. Conclusions: Real-time video-assisted post-pyloric feeding tube placement in critically ill ICU patients was only successful in 58% of cases and therefore currently cannot be recommended for this indication. However, a high success rate (96.8%) for gastric placement was achieved. IRIS tube placement detected tracheal misplacement immediately and had few adverse events. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Show less
Kranenburg, F.J.; Cessie, S. le; Caram-Deelder, C.; Bom, J.G. van der; Arbous, M.S. 2019
Background and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess potentially relevant clinical characteristics which influence the decision to transfuse red cells in critically ill patients with low... Show moreBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess potentially relevant clinical characteristics which influence the decision to transfuse red cells in critically ill patients with low haemoglobin concentrations (6.0–10.0 g/dl).Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective observational cohort study of patients admitted between November 2004 and May 2016 at the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands. Haemoglobin measurements, clinical variables and the subsequent transfusion decision were extracted from the electronic health records. Clinical variables were grouped by organ system. We first examined the association of each of the clinical variables with the decision to transfuse during the following 6 h after a haemoglobin measurement using generalized estimating equations. We then compared the predictive abilities of single variables within an organ system and the predictive ability of an organ system’s combined variables using the change in Akaike information criterion (AIC).ResultsA total of 83 394 haemoglobin measurements of 10 947 ICU admissions were included. Haemoglobin concentration was the most predictive for red cell transfusion. After the haemoglobin concentration, the combined variables for General Health, followed by the organ systems Cardiovascular and Pulmonary, were most predictive for red cell transfusion. Within these organ systems, the APACHE II score, referring department, APACHE admission diagnosis subgroup, troponin concentration, lactate concentration, respiratory rate, PaO2/FiO2 and ventilation mode had the highest predictive ability.ConclusionHaemoglobin concentration is the dominant predictor for red cell transfusion. Other clinical characteristics are also predictive, though to a lesser extent. Show less
Cnossen, M.C.; Huijben, J.A.; Jagt, M. van der; Volovici, V.; Essen, T. van; Polinder, S.; ... ; CENTER-TBI Investigators 2017
Pain management in the ICU can be difficult due to lack of patient self report. This thesis describes pain management, including procedural pain in patients in the ICU after cardiac surgery.... Show morePain management in the ICU can be difficult due to lack of patient self report. This thesis describes pain management, including procedural pain in patients in the ICU after cardiac surgery. Chronic pain one year after cardiac surgery is also evaluated and risk factors for the development of chronic pain are identified. Recommendations for the management of acute and procedural pain in patients in the ICU and for the follow-up of chronic pain after cardiac surgery are provided. Show less
