Labour exploitation of migrants is a serious problem worldwide, also in Europe and in the Netherlands. Since the entry into force of the Palermo Protocol (2000), labour exploitation has been... Show moreLabour exploitation of migrants is a serious problem worldwide, also in Europe and in the Netherlands. Since the entry into force of the Palermo Protocol (2000), labour exploitation has been regarded as a form of the criminal offense of human trafficking. This means that the approach is largely aimed at the most serious forms of exploitation and at criminal prosecution of the perpetrators. The legal position of the victims is subordinate to the criminal proceedings. This study focuses on the rights of migrants to protection against labour exploitation; in the EU and in the Netherlands in particular. Labour exploitation is herein defined as a violation of labour standards laid down in different jurisdictions. Based on an analysis of human rights, criminal law, the right to free movement of persons and migration law for third country nationals, how protection is offered to migrants against labour exploitation. The research identifies the rights that migrants can derive from these four jurisdictions and analyses how access to these rights are facilitated by the state. Due to this combination of aspects, this study contributes to increasing insight into migrant's rights to protection against labour exploitation by the state. Show less
Naar deze uitspraak werd door velen uitgekeken. Dit was vooral omdat de feiten van de zaak naar verwachting het Hof zouden dwingen belangrijke uitspraken te doen over de extraterritoriale... Show moreNaar deze uitspraak werd door velen uitgekeken. Dit was vooral omdat de feiten van de zaak naar verwachting het Hof zouden dwingen belangrijke uitspraken te doen over de extraterritoriale toepassing van het EVRM en over de relatie tussen het EVRM en het humanitair oorlogsrecht (HOR). De uitspraak voldoet aan de verwachtingen, in die zin dat het Hof beide onderwerpen uitwerkt. Voor velen zal de inhoud van die uitwerking echter behoorlijk teleurstellend zijn. Het Hof brengt een belangrijke beperking aan op de extraterritoriale reikwijdte van het EVRM, op een manier die weer veel nieuwe vragen oproept. Het trekt zijn eerdere jurisprudentie over de relatie tussen het EVRM en het HOR door, maar maakt weinig woorden vuil aan de mogelijke conflicten die er tussen de twee rechtsgebieden kunnen spelen. Ook verruimt het de onderzoeksplicht onder art. 2 EVRM, zonder veel oog voor potentiële conflicten tussen het EVRM en het HOR op dit punt. Show less
Within the framework of social law, the position of temporary agency work has always been a source of some debate. There is an area of tension between the aim for more flexible types of labour on... Show moreWithin the framework of social law, the position of temporary agency work has always been a source of some debate. There is an area of tension between the aim for more flexible types of labour on the one hand and maintaining decent labour relations on the other. For that reason the ILO has engaged in private labour intermediation ever since it was founded. While there was a tendency to forbid, or at least restrict private intermediation in the early years, gradually it became more accepted that, among others, temporary agency work had its merits and that a total ban was useless. In 1997, this culminated in ILO-convention 181, which received wide support. This did not put a stop to the discussion about non-standard types of paid employment. Which types of labour can be considered decent? How do they relate to the human rights? What are the effects of globalisation? At the European level, too, close attention was paid to (for instance, cross-border) temporary agency work. Lastly, the Netherlands itself has it own unique type of public-private regulation. The starting point is the question whether Convention 181 still has value. What are the developments in the social domain with regard to temporary agency work? How do they relate to the various types of flexible labour that are gradually catching up with temporary agency work? The fact that Convention 181 features among the most ratified ILO conventions that have been effected since 1990 makes clear that it is clearly meeting a need. While Convention 181 has met with policy competition from developments such as: decent-isation, human rightification, IFA-isation and Europeanisation, they have not affected its value. Convention 181 advances decent flexibility and fights informal labour and human trafficking. Show less
Het komt in Nederland gelukkig niet vaak voor maar soms is wetgeving in strijd met mensenrechten. Burgers kunnen deze schending in Nederland bij de rechter aan de orde stellen. Wat kan de rechter... Show moreHet komt in Nederland gelukkig niet vaak voor maar soms is wetgeving in strijd met mensenrechten. Burgers kunnen deze schending in Nederland bij de rechter aan de orde stellen. Wat kan de rechter doen als hij hen gelijk geeft? Over wat voor gereedschap beschikt de Nederlandse rechter? En gebeurt het ook weleens dat de rechter helemaal niets doet? Die vragen staan centraal in dit boek. Het geeft een uitgebreid overzicht van de constitutionele remedies in de gereedschapskist van de rechter. Het gaat vervolgens in op het gebruik van de rechter om weliswaar vast te stellen dat wetgeving in strijd is met mensenrechten, maar daaraan geen gevolgen te verbinden omdat daarmee ‘de grenzen van de rechtsvormende taak van de rechter zouden worden overschreden’. De rechter vindt het oplossen van de mensenrechtenschending dan een zaak van de politiek. Kan hij dat eigenlijk wel doen? Ubi ius ibi remedium: waar recht is, moet toch ook een remedie zijn? En doen rechters in andere landen dat ook? Het boek bevat een analyse van de eisen die het Europese recht stelt, en een rechtsvergelijking met de constitutionele stelsels in Duitsland, het Verenigd Koninkrijk en Canada Show less
Bedachtzame revolutionairen (Cautious revolutionaries) analyzes debates among the opposition in Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) during the last fifteen years of communist... Show moreBedachtzame revolutionairen (Cautious revolutionaries) analyzes debates among the opposition in Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) during the last fifteen years of communist rule. It compares how during the 1970s and 1980s the East German and Czech opposition movements debated several issues (the relevance of socialism, the tension between peace and human rights, cultural criticism and environmental activism), how they reacted to the Soviet reforms that from 1985 onwards changed the political landscape in Central and Eastern Europe, and, finally, how they acted during the breakdown of the communist regimes in 1989. Contrary to what current historiography suggests, this book argues that reform socialism, cultural criticism and a critical attitude towards Western consumer society and party democracy were not themes unique for the East German opposition. However, the division of Germany and the permanent flow of emigration to the West did have a decisive impact on the social composition and political outlook of the opposition in the GDR, which, unlike the Czechs, almost completely lacked leading intellectuals and was far more optimistic about the prospects of a reformed socialism. Show less
In a time of terrorist attacks and other crises, governments are faced with the question how to protect the population and the national security. Many states tend to use instruments and take... Show moreIn a time of terrorist attacks and other crises, governments are faced with the question how to protect the population and the national security. Many states tend to use instruments and take measures that infringe upon human rights and individual freedoms in order to protect national security. At the same time, UN Security Council resolutions stress that the 'fight against tarrorism' should take place within the borders set by the rule of law, by international human rights treaties and international humanitarian law. Next to that, international human rights contain a certain 'positive obligation' for states to adequately protect national security and the right to life of the population against terrorist attacks. Therefore, there is a tense and also complicated relation between human rights and national security. The question arises whether there is a way to secure that human rights and national security are compatible entities. This study analyses the relevant articles from human rights treaties and the jurisprudence of international monitoring organs (European Court of Human Rights/UN Human Rights Committee) in order to find out whether international law leaves room for states to limit or even derogate human rights in states of emergency or other situations that threaten national security. The study shows that international law indeed does leave some room, but only limited. In very serious crises that amount to a public emergency threatening the life of the nation, states may derogate from the ordinary level of human right protection, but even during such serious crisis situations there is no 'carte blanche' for states to take any measures they deem necessary. Certain human rights are given absolute protection, even in crisis situations, and emergency measures that interfere with non-absolute human rights should pass a test of strict necessity and proportionality. In this field new norms and concepts have been developed during the last decades. It is, however, clear that the international monitoring of human rights protection during states of emergency and other severe crises needs improvement. Show less
