This thesis aims to further unravel the role of the stress-systems in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, by exploring elements of regulation and dysregulation of the two... Show moreThis thesis aims to further unravel the role of the stress-systems in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders, by exploring elements of regulation and dysregulation of the two major stress systems (i.e. the ANS and the HPA-axis), and their relation with psychological and psychiatric characteristics. Show less
Wiebenga, J.X.M.; Heering, H.D.; Eikelenboom, M.; Hemert, A.M. van; Oppen, P. van; Penninx, B.W.J.H. 2022
Background: People with depressive and/or anxiety disorders are at increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, but biological correlates signaling such risk remain unclear.... Show moreBackground: People with depressive and/or anxiety disorders are at increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, but biological correlates signaling such risk remain unclear. Independent and cumulative dysregulations in physiological stress systems, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA-axis), immune inflammatory system, and autonomous nervous system (ANS), may contribute to this risk. However, findings have either been heterogeneous or absent thus far.Methods: Associations between individual markers and cumulative indices of the HPA-axis (cortisol awakening response and evening cortisol), immune-inflammatory system (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and the ANS (heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and pre-ejection period) and the outcomes no suicide ideation with suicide attempt (SI-SA+), suicide ideation without suicide attempt (SI+SA-) and suicide ideation with suicide attempt (SI+SA+) were investigated in 1749 persons with depressive and/or anxiety disorders from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA).Results: High levels of CRP and IL-6 were associated with SI-SA+ and SI+SA+ respectively when compared to non-suicidal patients after adjusting for confounders and multiple testing. Also, cumulative immune inflammatory dysregulations were positively associated with SI+SA+, suggesting a dose-response effect. No significant associations were found between HPA-axis or ANS indicators and suicide-outcomes and between immune-inflammatory system markers or cumulative stress system dysregulations and SI+SA-.Conclusion: Although stress system markers could not differentiate between SI+SA-and non-suicidal patients, findings indicate that dysregulations of individual and cumulative immune-inflammatory markers are associated with suicide attempts in depressive and/or anxiety patients. Thus, immune-inflammatory system dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior, supporting further examination of the effects of anti-inflammatory interventions on suicidality. Show less
