This thesis concentrates on nociception monitoring during general anesthesia. Nociception is the process of encoding noxious stimuli, which are potential damaging events. During general anesthesia... Show moreThis thesis concentrates on nociception monitoring during general anesthesia. Nociception is the process of encoding noxious stimuli, which are potential damaging events. During general anesthesia nociception will produce behavioral, autonomic and hormonal responses. We designed a series of studies to address the utility of nociception monitoring in clinical practice on hemodynamic stability, opioid consumption, arousal state and postoperative pain. Show less
Amini, M.; Leeuwen, N. van; Eijkenaar, F.; Graaf, R. van de; Samuels, N.; Oostenbrugge, R. van; ... ; MR CLEAN Registry Investigators 2022
Introduction: Various statistical approaches can be used to deal with unmeasured confounding when estimating treatment effects in observational studies, each with its own pros and cons. This study... Show moreIntroduction: Various statistical approaches can be used to deal with unmeasured confounding when estimating treatment effects in observational studies, each with its own pros and cons. This study aimed to compare treatment effects as estimated by different statistical approaches for two interventions in observational stroke care data. Patients and methods: We used prospectively collected data from the MR CLEAN registry including all patients (n = 3279) with ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) from 2014 to 2017 in 17 Dutch hospitals. Treatment effects of two interventions - i.e., receiving an intravenous thrombolytic (IVT) and undergoing general anesthesia (GA) before EVT- on good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale <= 2) were estimated. We used three statistical regression-based approaches that vary in assumptions regarding the source of unmeasured confounding: individual-level (two subtypes), ecological, and instrumental variable analyses. In the latter, the preference for using the interventions in each hospital was used as an instrument. Results: Use of IVT (range 66-87%) and GA (range 0-93%) varied substantially between hospitals. For IVT, the individual-level (OR similar to 1.33) resulted in significant positive effect estimates whereas in instrumental variable analysis no significant treatment effect was found (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.58-1.56). The ecological analysis indicated no statistically significant different likelihood (beta = - 0.002%; P=0.99) of good functional outcome at hospitals using IVT 1% more frequently. For GA, we found non-significant opposite directions of points estimates the treatment effect in the individual-level (ORs similar to 0.60) versus the instrumental variable approach (OR =1.04).The ecological analysis also resulted in a non-significant negative association (0.03% lower probability). Discussion and conclusion: Both magnitude and direction of the estimated treatment effects for both interventions depend strongly on the statistical approach and thus on the source of (unmeasured) confounding.These issues should be understood concerning the specific characteristics of data, before applying an approach and interpreting the results. Instrumental variable analysis might be considered when unobserved confounding and practice variation is expected in observational multicenter studies. Show less
