Fate and toxicity of copper nanoparticles was related to the water chemistry of the environment and pristine size. Connection between fate and toxicity of copper nanoparticles could be drawn. The... Show moreFate and toxicity of copper nanoparticles was related to the water chemistry of the environment and pristine size. Connection between fate and toxicity of copper nanoparticles could be drawn. The particle-specific toxicity of copper nanoparticles was dependent on water chemistry. Show less
Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for the quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts of products. A number of impact categories are related to toxic effects of... Show moreEnvironmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for the quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts of products. A number of impact categories are related to toxic effects of chemicals. Multimedia models for substance fate, supplemented with models for human exposure, have been developed in the context of human and environmental risk assessment (HERA). Different authors have adapted such models for use in LCA, largely on a continental level. It has sometimes been suggested to merge LCA toxicity assessment and HERA into one common tool. Here, it is demonstrated that LCA and HERA cannot be merged, due to a fundamental difference concerning their respective goals. Subsequently, adaptations to existing multimedia models are proposed to make it possible to extend multimedia models with a module for metals. The core of the thesis is formed by the GLOBOX model: a global, regionally differentiated fate, intake and effect model for LCA toxicity assessment. For emissions of any organic chemical or metal to any compartment in any country or at any sea, this model calculates region-specific characterisation factors. Finally, an updated set of LCA normalisation factors is provided, with which the relative contributions of a product to the different impact categories can be evaluated. Show less
