The main aim of this dissertation was to provide insight into possible subtle forms of bias in youth socialization by various socializing agents in the Netherlands, and exploring new ways to... Show moreThe main aim of this dissertation was to provide insight into possible subtle forms of bias in youth socialization by various socializing agents in the Netherlands, and exploring new ways to document bias. Additionally, it addresses the importance of using sound statistical methods for calculating effect sizes. Social bias and unequal treatment of people can lead to structural societal inequalities. Findings in research on the sustained existence of bias have been inconsistent. These inconsistencies may obscure the importance of continuous effort to diminish inequalities. By studying subtle messages, this dissertation shows that bias is present in various contexts. Firstly, parents who talked about kissing and dating to their adolescent child subtly endorsed a sexual double standard, for instance by describing girls as sluts and boys as players. Secondly, in written evaluations by teachers on report cards of primary school pupils, positive bias towards White Dutch girls was found. Lastly, prolonged media attention to a child sexual abuse case was found to negatively affect the attitudes of parents towards male babysitters.As bias and discrimination change over time and context, continuous study is necessary. This dissertation demonstrates that using relevant and authentic data is an important tool in unveiling subtle bias. Show less
Background Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are not explicitly incorporated as risk factors in the four SCORE2 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk models developed for country-wide implementation... Show moreBackground Socioeconomic status and ethnicity are not explicitly incorporated as risk factors in the four SCORE2 cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk models developed for country-wide implementation across Europe (low, moderate, high and very-high model). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the four SCORE2 CVD risk prediction models in an ethnic and socioeconomic diverse population in the Netherlands.Methods The SCORE2 CVD risk models were externally validated in socioeconomic and ethnic (by country of origin) subgroups, from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands, with GP, hospital and registry data. In total 155,000 individuals, between 40 and 70 years old in the study period from 2007 to 2020 and without previous CVD or diabetes were included. Variables (age, sex, smoking status, blood pressure, cholesterol) and outcome first CVD event (stroke, myocardial infarction, CVD death) were consistent with SCORE2. Findings 6966 CVD events were observed, versus 5495 events predicted by the CVD low-risk model (intended for use in the Netherlands). Relative underprediction was similar in men and women (observed/predicted (OE-ratio), 1.3 and 1.2 in men and women, respectively). Underprediction was larger in low socioeconomic subgroups of the overall study population (OE-ratio 1.5 and 1.6 in men and women, respectively), and comparable in Dutch and the combined "other ethnicities" low socioeconomic subgroups. Underprediction in the Surinamese subgroup was largest (OE-ratio 1.9, in men and women), particularly in the low socioeconomic Surinamese subgroups (OE-ratio 2.5 and 2.1 in men and women). In the subgroups with underprediction in the low-risk model, the intermediate or high-risk SCORE2 models showed improved OE-ratios. Discrimination showed moderate performance in all subgroups and the four SCORE2 models, with C-statistics between 0.65 and 0.72, similar to the SCORE2 model development study.Interpretation The SCORE 2 CVD risk model for low-risk countries (as the Netherlands are) was found to underpredict CVD risk, particularly in low socioeconomic and Surinamese ethnic subgroups. Including socioeconomic status and ethnicity as predictors in CVD risk models and implementing CVD risk adjustment within countries is desirable for adequate CVD risk prediction and counselling. Show less
An important collection of well-preserved leather finds, predominantly footwear, from closely dated 3rd and 4th century contexts, giving an insight into the population of the fort and the origins... Show moreAn important collection of well-preserved leather finds, predominantly footwear, from closely dated 3rd and 4th century contexts, giving an insight into the population of the fort and the origins of the troops stationed there. Show less
