Indonesia is experiencing various environmental challenges related to its fast economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to have measurable and applicable indicators to obtain accurate data and... Show moreIndonesia is experiencing various environmental challenges related to its fast economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to have measurable and applicable indicators to obtain accurate data and information regarding the costs of adverse environmental impacts arising from economic activities to support more effective and targeted decision-making. Therefore, this thesis aims to answer how we can set up environmental-economic accounts in developing countries such as Indonesia and how such accounts can support both development as environmental policies. So, the overall objective of this PhD thesis can be formulated as follows: how can we set up environmental-economic accounts in developing countries such as Indonesia, and how can such accounts support both development as environmental policies? Show less
The research presented in this thesis falls within a relatively new scientific field of research: Industrial Ecology, which is concerned with studying society’s metabolism to analyze the causes of... Show moreThe research presented in this thesis falls within a relatively new scientific field of research: Industrial Ecology, which is concerned with studying society’s metabolism to analyze the causes of environmental problems and indicate possibilities for more sustainable management of materials. The research is aimed at developing a dynamic substance flow-stock model that can be used to estimate future resource availability, emissions and waste streams. The developed model extends the currently available SFA models in three respects. Firstly, by combining flows and stocks. Secondly, it combines physical and economic elements. And thirdly, it operates at two levels: those of products and substances. The model has been applied to two case studies aimed at evaluating the economic and environmental consequences of the developments of lead flows and stocks and investigating the potential long-term impact of the use of platinum in fuel cell technology. The main outcome of the lead model suggests that in the Netherlands the amount of lead available for recycling is expected to exceed its demand. If comparable developments can be detected on a larger scale, the landfill and incineration streams might increase at the expense of recycling and consequently an increase in emissions. The outcome of the platinum model suggests that the identified resources of platinum will be depleted before the end of the century if no additional measures are taken. Moreover, the increased production of platinum will not have major consequences for the co-produced copper cycle. For nickel, the supply from platinum ores is expected to exceed its demand, which will have profound consequences for both the primary mining and the recycling of nickel. Show less
