Permanent Change? The Paths of Change of the European Security OrganizationsIn recent years, the post-war multilateral system and the European security architecture, containing the OSCE, NATO and... Show morePermanent Change? The Paths of Change of the European Security OrganizationsIn recent years, the post-war multilateral system and the European security architecture, containing the OSCE, NATO and the EU, have come under scrutiny. However, these organizations have changed for more than seventy years and survived many crises. Hence, the focus of this research is the analysis of the paths of change, defined as broadening, widening and deepening.Though the European security organizations have been analysed more often, this research distinguishes itself by not only analysing these paths separately, but also by comparing them to one another and devoting attention to their possible interrelationship. The rationale behind this research is on the one hand the current crisis in the multilateral world order and on the other hand the absence of a coherent, theoretically inspired description and analysis of these changes.The main conclusion drawn is that the European security architecture did not result in the formerly held idea of a division of labour solely instigated by states to prevent competition and rivalry. This architecture has become a differentiated construction and changed into a hybrid architecture with complementary and even mutually interdependent organizations. Show less
Deze bijdrage geeft een eerste overzicht van de zwaarbevochten handels- en samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen het VK en de EU in de context van de al vierenhalf jaar durende Brexit-saga. Samen met... Show moreDeze bijdrage geeft een eerste overzicht van de zwaarbevochten handels- en samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen het VK en de EU in de context van de al vierenhalf jaar durende Brexit-saga. Samen met het terugtrekkingsakkoord hebben de betrekkingen tussen de EU en VK nu een nieuw fundament – gegoten uit het oude cement van internationaal publieksrecht. De overeenkomst slaagt erin zowel de rode lijnen van de partijen te respecteren als de maalstromen van een no-deal te omzeilen. Dat dit in een turbulent politiek klimaat is gelukt is zeker voor een groot deel aan de volharding van de onderhandelingsteams van beide partijen te danken. Desalniettemin wordt op de honderden bladzijden van het akkoord keer op keer duidelijk dat het hier om een document gaat dat de schade van desintegratie regelt in plaats van de partijen hechter naar elkaar toe te laten groeien. Show less
The European project has always been a contested one and may even be considered to be a polity in a quasi-permanent crisis. Indeed, European integration has faced, almost from the start, various... Show moreThe European project has always been a contested one and may even be considered to be a polity in a quasi-permanent crisis. Indeed, European integration has faced, almost from the start, various crises: from De Gaulle’s empty chair, to the recurring tensions over the budget and Margaret Thatcher’s opposition to a political Union, to the constitutional crisis. Today, the EU again faces multiple challenges. It is still struggling with the economic and social consequences of the 2008 financial crisis, and economic governance remains a controversial issue. The migration crisis provoked various conflicts between the Member states and the Commission. The European Union’s (EU’s) scope of intervention and its legitimacy is increasingly called into question, and Brexit has triggered new existential debates on the purposes and forms of European integration. In some countries, the values underpinning the integration process, and more generally liberal democracy, are increasingly threatened. And following the results of the 2019 European elections, acknowledging the problems related to the functioning of supranational institutions and the citizens’ distancing from the European project, the European Parliament, supporting the Commission President’s proposal, called on Member states to launch a Conference on the Future of Europe by 2020. Finally, in the first semester of 2020, the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19) not only posed serious challenges to the public health sectors of Member states but also uncertainties related to the pandemic might trigger deeper socio-economic impact in the EU in the medium term. This succession of crises, each different but all shaking the European project, is a unique opportunity to think about what crises are and what they mean for the European integration. Show less
